The management of ACC of the scalp is still controversial. Our series suggests that conservative treatment should be performed for initial management in newborns.

No abstract

These findings suggest that endogenous opioids are involved in the modulation of the aversive behavior elicited by midbrain tectum stimulation. Since microinjections of naloxonazine in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus caused a significant increase in the aversive thresholds elicited by electrical stimulation of this structure, it is possible that micro1 opioid receptor located in this nucleus may be critically implicated in this neural circuitry.

RESUMOIntrodução -O presente trabalho analisou 150 casos consecutivos de tratamento da hidrocefalia com DVP no Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto entre março de 1997 e julho de 2000. Objetivo -Traçar as principais características dos pacientes e dos procedimentos, com ênfase nas etiologias, diagnóstico, complicações, seqüelas e fatores associados. Métodos -Prontuários médicos como fonte para quantificar as variáveis selecionadas. Resultados -As etiologias congênitas e adquiridas tiveram a mesma incidência, destacando-se a mielomeningocele no primeiro grupo e a prematuridade e a meningite no segundo. As principais complicações foram o mal funcionamento da válvula (33%) e a infecção (15%). Incluídas as cirurgias devido às complicações, houve 2,5 procedimentos por paciente em média. No último retorno, 40% dos pacientes apresentavam algum grau de retardo do desenvolvimento neuro-psico-motor (RDNPM). As principais etiologias relacionadas a RDNPM foram prematuridade, meningite e malformações complexas. Discussão: O trabalho serviu como ferramenta para ajudar a caracterizar a história natural da hidrocefalia e de seu tratamento em nosso meio, fornecendo base para uma melhor compreensão da mesma e para comparação com a literatura e com outros serviços. A taxa de RDNPM está condizente com a literatura. A taxa de infecção está mais elevada, podendo haver relação com o fato de ser este um hospital-escola. Maior tempo de seguimento seria necessário para comparação da incidência de complicações mecânicas. Disponível em URL: http://www.scielo.br/acb Descritores -Hidrocefalia, Derivação Ventrículo-Peritoneal.

Young children with severe preoperative hydrocephalus and a midline tumor should be considered at risk when preoperative treatment decisions are made.

IMPORTANCE Hydrocephalus is a treatable but potentially fatal complication that has not been previously described in congenital Zika syndrome (CZS).OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical features and imaging findings in 24 patients with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) who developed hydrocephalus. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSThis case series included patients with hydrocephalus who were born in October and November 2015 and followed up until mid-2017 in the 2 largest national referral centers for CZS in Brazil. The participants included consecutively enrolled children with a clinical and laboratorial diagnosis of CZS who developed clinical and/or image findings suggestive of hydrocephalus and who were confirmed to experience increased intracranial hypertension during ventriculoperitoneal shunt procedures. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESTo retrospectively describe clinical and image findings in these 24 patients. RESULTS This multicenter cohort included 308 patients with CZS; 24 consecutive children were enrolled in this study. These children were aged between 3 to 18 months, and 13 of 24 (54%) were female. All patients presented with at least 1 positive test result for anti-Zika antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid or serum and had classic signs of CZS. At the time of hydrocephalus diagnosis, only 14 of 24 patients (58%) had symptoms and signs suggestive of hydrocephalus (mainly worsening seizures, vomiting, irritability, and/or sudden increase of head circumference percentile). Two of 24 patients (8%) had no symptoms suggestive of hydrocephalus but were found to have reduced brain volume on repeated imaging. Cerebellar or brainstem hypoplasia on baseline imaging were found in 18 of 23 patients (78%). At the second computed tomographic scan, all patients showed a marked increase of ventricular volume, compatible with communicating hydrocephalus, and reduction of brain tissue that was visibly worse than on baseline imaging for the 23 patients with repeated scans. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEWe present evidence that hydrocephalus is a complication of CZS in at least a proportion of patients. The clinical spectrum of this condition continues to evolve, but given that presenting signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus can be challenging to recognize in CZS, we provisionally recommend that high suspicion and appropriate monitoring for hydrocephalus should be part of the standard care of patients with CZS.

mutations and abnormal β-catenin distribution are associated with the pathogenesis of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (aCP). We evaluated the expression of the canonical Wnt pathway components in aCPs and its association with mutations and tumor progression. Tumor samples from 14 aCP patients and normal anterior pituitary samples from eight individuals without pituitary disease were studied. Gene expression of Wnt pathway activator (), inhibitors (, ,, and ), transcriptional activator (), target genes (, , and,), and Wnt modulator () was evaluated by qPCR. β-Catenin, , and expression was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The transcription levels of all genes studied, except , were higher in aCPs as compared to controls and mRNA levels correlated with mutation. mRNA was overexpressed in tumor samples of patients with disease progression in comparison to those with stable disease. β-Catenin was positive and aberrantly distributed in 11 out of 14 tumor samples. Stronger β-catenin immunostaining associated positively with tumor progression. positive staining was found in 10 out of 14 cases, whereas all aCPs were negative for. Wnt pathway genes were overexpressed in aCPs harboring mutations and in patients with progressive disease. Recurrence was associated with stronger staining for β-catenin. These data suggest that Wnt pathway activation contributes to the pathogenesis and prognosis of aCPs.

This series points out the possibility of hypertensive hydrocephalus development in CZS patients. Affected children may benefit from VP shunt insertion. These findings suggest a dual pathology association: fetal brain disruption and primary cortical malformation by the virus itself and hypertensive hydrocephalus. This is already seen in some cases of congenital rubella, toxoplasmosis, or cytomegalovirus-associated hydrocephalus.