No abstract

In this population, the link between nocturnal BP and GON is determined by extreme dipping effects rather than low nocturnal BP levels alone. Further studies considering extreme decreases in nocturnal BP in individuals at high risk of glaucoma are warranted.

We analyze the compliance behavior of the small-scale fishery boat-owners of the Galapagos Marine Reserve. Our empirical analysis considers aspects related to the participatory management system of the reserve as determinant factors of the decision to violate the regulations. The econometric results indicate that, along with surveillance and fines, the level of legitimacy that norms have among the boat-owners, the sense of belonging of individuals, the legitimacy of their local organizations, as well as their participation levels in these organizations are additional determinant factors in the decision to transgress the agreed regulations. Policy recommendation to improve compliance are also discussed.

Among Maracaibo Aging Study participants younger than 65 years, the incidence of dementia was higher than that of US Whites. Among individuals older than 65 years, the incidence was comparable to the mean of previous incidence estimates for other populations worldwide.

In the European context, these concerns are strongly associated with a European Green Deal, with investment in renewables and with digitization. References

We identify and discuss the main problems and challenges in sustainable development faced by the salmon farming industry in Chile from a socio‐economic perspective. This perspective is broad, in that it includes how the industry interacts with society and the environment, but also limited, in that it only assesses the impact on different social groups and economic agents. First, we present a brief description of the structure and socio‐economic relevance of salmon farming in the country. Second, we identify and discuss the primary current issues in the sustainable development of salmon farming in Chile. Third, we identify and discuss the challenges for developing sustainable salmon farming in Chile, including regulatory design and sectoral management, options for future expansion of the industry, responses and adjustments in the face of climate change and climatic variability, and the proper handling and growth of public‐private cooperation and goods governance.

Abstract:The presence of violations and the need for enforcement of tradable property rights systems in fisheries has not receiving much attention in the literature. The theoretical promise of property rights-based fisheries is to achieve a given total allowable catch with a maximum social benefit. One of the assumption for that result is that the system is in perfect compliance. The incidents of noncompliance, however, may affect the performance of transferable property rights-based fisheries in unexplored ways. In this paper, we construct and analyze a positive model of fisherman behavior that operates under a perfectly competitive individual transferable quota system, when recognizing the opportunities for violations of quota holdings, given incomplete enforcement. Considering an ill enforced transferable property rights-based fishery we are able to obtain a number of implications for the performance of the quota market and the economic efficiency of the regulatory system.

Abstract:In this paper we examine the impacts of transaction costs on enforcing a transferable emissions permit system. We derive an enforcement strategy with a self-reporting requirement that achieves complete compliance in a cost-effective manner. In the absence of transaction costs targeted enforcement-the practice of monitoring some firms more closely than others-is neither necessary nor desirable. In the presence of constant marginal transaction costs, buyers of permits should be monitored more closely than sellers, but within groups of buyers and sellers monitoring should be uniform. When marginal transaction costs are not constant, effective monitoring will depend on whether a firm is a buyer or seller, its demand for permits relative to its initial allocation, and whether marginal transaction costs are increasing or decreasing. We also show that the initial distribution of permits can have an impact on total enforcement costs in the presence of transaction costs, but only if marginal transaction costs are not constant. However, firm conclusions about the impact of the initial distribution of permits on enforcement costs will, in general, be situation-specific.