This study was done to determine the factors contributing to laparoscopic failure (conversion to open surgery or early reoperation) during the learning curve for laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication in a 228-bed nonteaching community hospital. Data were gathered prospectively for the first 100 consecutive patients booked for elective laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication by the four general surgeons at the hospital. All complications were recorded contemporaneously, and particular note was taken of the factors surrounding conversion to open surgery and reoperation within 100 days of surgery. There were no deaths. The conversion rate was 20% and the early reoperation rate 6%. There were two late recurrences. The average operative time was 117 minutes and the average length of stay 1.8 days; 37 operations were performed on outpatients. The laparoscopic failure rate was 26% (18/68) during a surgeon's first 20 operations and 11% (3/28) thereafter (P < 0.09); the corresponding conversion rates were 22% and 4% (P < 0.05). During a surgeon's first 20 operations, the laparoscopic failure rate rose from 21% (12/57) to 55% (6/11) (P < 0.04) if a second surgeon did not assist. After 20 operations, this difference lost its significance. Intrathoracic herniation of the stomach was found preoperatively in 11 (44%) of 25 operations followed by laparoscopic failure and (8%) 6 of 75 without (P < 0.0002). Laparoscopic failure had no correlation with patient age, sex, ASA classification, duration of symptoms, or referring physician's specialty. The individual learning curve for laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication requires about 20 operations to surmount. Factors leading to laparoscopic failure during the learning curve are the surgeon's inexperience, absence of experienced help, and the presence of intrathoracic herniation.
General and system-specific quality of life, digestive symptoms, need for medication, patient satisfaction, and willingness to have surgery over again are not altered by conversion or reoperation. Thus, surgeons who have adequate laparoscopic skills, experience with open fundoplication, and training in laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication should feel free to add it to their repertoires provided the likelihood of conversion and reoperation secondary to inexperience is understood by the patient.
Laparoscopic mesh onlay repair is a safe, easy, and effective procedure with minimal discomfort and a low early recurrence rate that can be performed safely on an outpatient basis.
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