Summary Water scarcity due to global warming can increase the water demand for upland rice at critical stages of crop development. However, there is little research on cultivar responses to this scenario and technologies that enhance water use efficiency (WUE). To determine the influence of water stress at and after flowering stages of drip-irrigated upland rice cultivars on physiology, yield, and WUE, a shelter experiment was conducted using a randomized block design with a split-plot arrangement of treatments. Three modern and one traditional cultivar were subjected to five irrigation managements: 100% of the field capacity considered the reference management (RM), 70 and 40% of the RM at the flowering stage, and 70 and 40% of the RM at the grain-filling stage. In general, the modern cultivars tended to maintain higher photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration, leaf water potential, and lower crop water stress index compared to the traditional cultivar under water stress. The WUE decreased for all cultivars under severe stress, averaging 0.55 and 0.62 kg m−3 when stress occurred at flowering and grain-filling, respectively, whereas moderate stress imposed at grain-filling maintained WUE for all cultivars, averaging 1.21 kg m−3. In addition, grain yield (GY) showed a similar variation trend under drought stress as WUE, and its reduction was mainly associated with low filled grain percentage. Among the five irrigation treatments, both GY and WUE were the highest in the RM; the best cultivar recorded 9.3 Mg ha−1 and 1.62 kg m−3, respectively. Findings suggest that attending to the full water demand under precision drip irrigation and appropriate cultivar selection can enhance upland rice production at significant levels.
The crop water stress index (CWSI), an index derived from canopy temperature, has been widely studied as a physiological indicator of plant water status to optimize irrigation in common beans. However, it is not clear how this index could contribute to yield prediction as a decision support tool in irrigation management. This paper aimed to use the CWSI for predicting yield loss in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) subjected to water stress under drip irrigation. A rain shelter experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with five replications. The indeterminate growth cultivar TAA Dama was subjected to three irrigation treatments: 100% of the field capacity (FC), 75 and 50% FC from 20 days after sowing (DAS) until the end of the crop cycle. Grain yield was reduced by 42% under 50% FC treatment. Furthermore, stomatal conductance was reduced under this treatment, whereas the CWSI and canopy temperature increased as irrigation levels decreased. The relationship between grain yield and CWSI (R2=0.76, RSME=2.35g) suggests that canopy temperature data could be used to forecast grain yield losses. In conclusion, farmers can have a low-cost, effective technique for making water management decisions in common bean.
For grasses and other crops in general, soil water potential has been widely studied to determine if there is a deficit or excess of water content in the soil. However, the plant water absorption process is not only modulated by soil water potential but also by the combination of meteorological, soil depth, and crop canopy factors, which could be elucidated through water relations responses. The objective of this work was to compare the water relations of grass species established in different soil depths and subjected to water stress. Santo Agostinho (Stenotaphrum secundatum), Esmeralda (Zoysia japonica), Tanzania (Panicum maximum) and Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) were used in this trial. The four species of grasses were tested in four different soil rooting depths: 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm. The grasses were irrigated at soil moisture field capacity level, until the time of imposing the water stress period. Soil depth had a direct influence on leaf water potential and soil water potential. Moreover, correlation coefficients are higher in deeper soil profiles. The strongest correlations between leaf water potential and soil water potential were found in the deeper soil depth treatments. Therefore, for the soil depth treatment of 40 cm, the average R² for the four species was 0.55, the highest being 0.70 in Tanzania grass. It is possible to relate leaf water potential and soil water potential independently of the grass species used or the depth of soil available to the roots, which would allow the creation of new irrigation management strategies.
Background Efforts to alleviate the negative effects of oil spills in the Ecuadorian Amazon include remediation activities such as cleaning, reshaping, and revegetation of polluted areas. However, studies of the diversity of biological communities in these hydrocarbon-degraded ecosystems have never been carried out. Here, we evaluated the diversity of dung beetles on remediated soil ecosystems (Agricultural Soils and Sensitive Ecosystems) and on non-contaminated soils (Natural Forests and Palm Plantations). Methodology The study was conducted in Sucumbíos and Orellana provinces, in the Ecuadorian Amazon at four sampling sites per ecosystem type (a total of 16 sites). At each sampling site, six pitfall traps remained active for 120 consecutive h per month for 1 year. Results We collected 37 species and 7,506 individuals of dung beetles. We observed significant differences in mean species abundance, richness, and diversity between non-contaminated soil ecosystems and remediated soil ecosystems, with Natural Forests presenting the highest values, and Agricultural Soils the lowest values. Regarding sampling month, we also found significant differences among ecosystems, which were also higher in Natural Forests. Discussion The results suggest that hydrocarbon-degraded ecosystems tend to conserve lower beetle diversity one year after remediation highlighting the importance of Natural Forests for the conservation of tropical biodiversity. Therefore, dung beetle diversity could be used for future landscape management of these hydrocarbon-degraded ecosystems.
The State of Mato Grosso produces approximately 45% of cotton in Brazil, which makes it necessary to characterize the crop in this State. The objective was to analyze cotton production in the State of Mato Grosso through official data from the IBGE's Systematic Survey of Agricultural Production (LSPA), both for micro-regions and meso-regions. Temporal graphs and maps were constructed for planted area, quantity produced and yield. Temperature and precipitation were analyzed for the crop cycle period. Northern Mato Grosso has the largest area and quantity of seed cotton production. It is also the mesoregion with the highest growth between 2005 and 2016. However, fluctuations in planted area were reported due to supply and demand issues. The Parecis micro-region is highlighted as the one with the highest production, area and productivity. In addition, climatic factors suggest that most micro-regions are ideal for cotton production. In conclusion, production and productivity in Mato Grosso State can continue to increase with a stable market and the introduction of technology.
Irrigation is a useful tool to achieve a better productivity and quality foods, which contributes to a higher efficient use of agriculture land. Drip irrigation is characterized by higher application efficiency, providing an efficient control of the irrigation depth required. Moreover, it has advantages such as lower evaporation loss and higher crop yields when associated with fertigation. However, dripper clogging is pointed out by several authors as the main limiting factor for a rapid adoption of drip irrigation on a larger scale. Emitter clogging susceptibility depends basically on five parameters: water quality, filtration system, fertilizer quality, labyrinth architectural layout and maintenance procedures. The adoption of chemical treatments helps to control biological agents and precipitates, making it possible to minimize the risk of clogging. This paper aims to understand how drip clogging process occurs, providing scientific arguments and support on the development of a standardized test pattern, making progress in order to identify commercial emitters that are less susceptible to clogging under field conditions.
CRESCIMENTO DA AGRICULTURA IRRIGADA POR PIVÔ CENTRAL NA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO ALTO RIO DAS MORTES - MT JUAN VICENTE LIENDRO MONCADA1; JEFFERSON VIEIRA JOSÉ2; JÉFFERSON DE OLIVEIRA COSTA3; CARLOS ALBERTO QUILOANGO-CHIMARRO4; NICLENE PONCE RODRIGUES DE OLIVEIRA5 E TONNY JOSÉ DE ARAÚJO DA SILVA6 1 Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Avenida dos Estudantes, 5055, Cidade Universitária, 78736-900, Rondonópolis, MT, Brasil. E-mail: liendroing@gmail.com. 2 Centro Multidisciplinar Campus Floresta, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFA), Estrada do Canela Fina, Km 12, Colônia São Francisco, 69980-000, Cruzeiro do Sul, AC, Brasil. E-mail: jfvieira@hotmail.com.br. 3 Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP/ESALQ), Avenida Pádua Dias, 235, Agronomia, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil. E-mail: costajo@alumni.usp.br. 4 Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP/ESALQ), Avenida Pádua Dias, 235, Agronomia, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil. E-mail: caquiloango@usp.br. 5 Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Avenida dos Estudantes, 5055, Cidade Universitária, 78736-900, Rondonópolis, MT, Brasil. E-mail: niclene_ponce@hotmail.com. 6 Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Avenida dos Estudantes, 5055, Cidade Universitária, 78736-900, Rondonópolis, MT, Brasil. E-mail: tonnyjasilva@hotmail.com. 1 RESUMO O uso do solo e o seu tipo de cobertura tem sofrido modificações significativas nos últimos anos com o crescimento populacional e desenvolvimento da agricultura. Para obtenção de incrementos de produtividade agrícola uma das tecnologias mais empregadas no Brasil e no mundo é a irrigação. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi identificar o número de equipamentos e as áreas equipadas com pivôs centrais na bacia hidrográfica do Alto Rio das Mortes no Estado de Mato Grosso, utilizando imagens de satélite de média resolução espacial. A bacia hidrográfica do Rio das Mortes está localizada no Centro-Oeste do Brasil, a qual está inserida na bacia do Rio Araguaia-Tocantins. Foram utilizadas imagens de satélite Landsat e a plataforma do Google Earth Engine (GEE). Foram construídas camadas de Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI) e a partir desses dados procedeu-se a identificação e quantificação das áreas irrigadas por pivô central no local de estudo. Verificamos que a maior concentração de pivôs ocorre nas sub-bacias de Primavera do Leste (213 pivôs, 28 mil hectares) e Poxoréu (31 pivôs, 5 mil hectares). A bacia do Alto Rio das Mortes no ano de 2018 apresentava 271 pivôs centrais, ocupando uma área irrigada de aproximadamente 36,5 mil hectares. Keywords: geotecnologias, índice de vegetação, irrigação, sensoriamento remoto. MONCADA, J. V. L.; JOSÉ, J. V.; COSTA, J. O.; QUILOANGO-CHIMARRO, C. A.; OLIVEIRA, N. P. R.; SILVA, T. J. A. INCREASE IN CENTER PIVOT-IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IN THE RIO DAS MORTES-MT RIVER BASIN 2 ABSTRACT Land use and land cover have changed significantly in recent years with population growth and the development of agriculture. To obtain increases in agricultural productivity, one of the most used technologies in Brazil and around the world is irrigation. This research identified the amount of equipment and areas equipped by center pivots in the Rio das Mortes River basin in the State of Mato Grosso, using satellite images of medium spatial resolution. The Rio das Mortes River basin is located in center-western Brazil, which is inserted in the Araguaia-Tocantins River basin. Landsat satellite images and the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform were used. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) layers were constructed, and then the identification and quantification of the areas irrigated by center pivot in the study area were performed. The highest concentration of pivots in the Rio das Mortes River basin is in the sub-basins of Primavera do Leste (213 pivots, 28 thousand hectares) and Poxoréu (31 pivots, 5 thousand hectares). The Rio das Mortes River basin in 2018 had 271 center pivots, occupying an irrigated area of approximately 36.5 thousand hectares. Keywords: geotechnologies, vegetation index, irrigation, remote sensing.
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