The objective of this review is to present a compilation of the application of various biostimulants in strawberry plants. Strawberry cultivation is of great importance worldwide, and, there is currently no review on this topic in the literature. Plant biostimulation consists of using or applying physical, chemical, or biological stimuli that trigger a response—called induction or elicitation—with a positive effect on crop growth, development, and quality. Biostimulation provides tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress, and more absorption and accumulation of nutrients, favoring the metabolism of the plants. The strawberry is a highly appreciated fruit for its high organoleptic and nutraceutical qualities since it is rich in phenolic compounds, vitamins, and minerals, in addition to being a product with high commercial value. This review aims to present an overview of the information on using different biostimulation techniques in strawberries. The information obtained from publications from 2000–2022 is organized according to the biostimulant’s physical, chemical, or biological nature. The biochemical or physiological impact on plant productivity, yield, fruit quality, and postharvest life is described for each class of biostimulant. Information gaps are also pointed out, highlighting the topics in which more significant research effort is necessary.
The objective of this study was to determine the oxidative stress and the physiological and antioxidant responses of coriander plants (Coriandrum sativum) grown for 58 days in soil with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) at concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg of Zn/kg of soil. The results revealed that all Zn compounds increased the total chlorophyll content (CHLt) by at least 45%, compared to the control group; however, with 400 mg/kg of ZnSO4, chlorophyll accumulation decreased by 34.6%. Zn determination by induction-plasma-coupled atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) showed that Zn absorption in roots and shoots occurred in plants exposed to ZnSO4 at all concentrations, which resulted in high levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Only at 400 mg/kg of ZnSO4, a 78.6% decrease in the MDA levels was observed. According to the results, the ZnSO4 treatments were more effective than the ZnO NPs to increase the antioxidant activity of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and peroxidases (POD). The results corroborate that phytotoxicity was higher in plants subjected to ZnSO4 compared to treatments with ZnO NPs, which suggests that the toxicity was due to Zn accumulation in the tissues by absorbing dissolved Zn++ ions.
In this research, effects of macronutrient deficiency (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) on the production, physicochemical characteristics, minerals, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity of fig fruits (Ficus carica L.) were evaluated using the missing element technique in a controlled hydroponic system under greenhouse conditions. N-deficient plants had no fruit production, while fruits with absence of P, K, and Ca were the most affected in terms of size, weight, and physicochemical characteristics. On the other hand, the concentration of minerals was significantly different (p<0.05), finding some interactions of synergism and antagonism between ions. Phenolic compounds increased in fruits with P and Ca deficiency, as well as the antioxidant capacity DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) in the fruits of the treatment -Ca. Regarding the FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) test, higher values were found for all treatments without minerals (-P, -K, -Ca, and -Mg) with respect to the control. The results obtained explain the responses of the fig tree subjected to nutritional deficiencies.
Nanotechnology has gained importance in agricultural production systems, with various applications such as pesticides or fertilizers. The application of nanomaterials (NMs) as a pretreatment to seeds (seed priming) has positively affected plant growth and development. On the other hand, Moringa oleifera is a plant appreciated for its multiple nutraceutical properties. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pretreatment of M. oleifera seeds with ZnO nanoparticles (NZnO) (0, 0.5, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 mg L-1). The study was divided into two experimental phases: the first phase consisted of evaluating germination under laboratory conditions (25 °C) at 15 DAS, while in the second phase, vegetative growth and bioactive compounds were evaluated at 45 DAS under greenhouse conditions. For phase one, the percentage of germination, length, and dry weight of the plumule and radicle were considered, and the vigor indices of seeds were determined. In phase two, we measured the plant height, stem diameter, fresh and dry biomass of aerial and root parts, and the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, vitamin C, glutathione (GSH), and antioxidant capacity (DPPH), such as the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL). The results showed an increase in some variables related to seed germination, with an increase of between 30 and 25% in the vigor of the seeds subjected to 2.5 and 10 mg L-1 NZnO. The photosynthetic pigments resulted in increases of between 23 and 49% for the 7.5-10 mg L-1 NZnO treatments. Regarding bioactive compounds, the increase in phenols, flavonoids and vitamin C stands out, mainly at the levels of 7.5-10 mg L-1 NZnO, where increases of up to 543% were observed with respect to the control. The enzymatic activity showed different responses to the application of NZnO, where a biphasic response (hormesis) was observed on the activity of APX and CAT activities as the levels of NZnO increased. The results show that it is possible to promote the initial growth and bioactive compounds of M. oleifera by pretreatment of seeds mainly with 10 mg L-1 NZnO.
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