This study shows that smokers with severe or very severe COPD are predominantly males with a high degree of physical dependence upon nicotine. CAR 9-24 was 48.5%. Varenicline and bupropion yielded higher abstinence rates than NRT. Varenicline was more effective than nicotine patches: all types of treatments were safe.

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Tobacco dependence is a chronic, addictive, and recurring illness that represents the foremost preventable cause of death in the world. Every health care professional is obliged to help their patients to quit. The intervention should be diagnostic as well as therapeutic. The scientific evidence shows that the best results for smoking cessation are achieved by means of a multicomponent treatment, which includes behavioral and social support combined with pharmacological treatment. Throughout this paper, we go over the current status of the main interventions concerning smoking cessation treatment.

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We found a positive correlation between international and inter-institutional collaboration and the number of citations received by articles on smoking research. The number of citations per year remained constant throughout the 5-year study period.

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