Recruitment is one of the most significant challenges in conducting research with ethnic minority populations. Establishing relationships with organizations that serve ethnic minority communities can facilitate recruitment. To create a successful recruitment process, a strategic plan of action is necessary prior to implementing community outreach efforts. For this study population of women who were HIV+ and recovering from substance abuse disorder, the authors found that establishing trust with community organizations that serve these women allows for a productive referral relationship. Although the majority of women in this study are African American, the authors were particularly challenged in recruiting Hispanic women. This article presents a recruitment process model that has facilitated our recruitment efforts and has helped the authors to organize, document, and evaluate their community outreach strategies. This model can be adopted and adapted by nurses and other health researchers to enhance engagement of minority populations. Keywords recruitment; minorities; community; engagement; outreach Despite recent efforts by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to promote research that includes women and minorities (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 2003), there is a risk of continued underrepresentation of minority group members and women in health research because of barriers to research participation. Although special recruitment efforts are clearly needed to overcome these barriers (Atkinson & Flint, 2001;Brown, Fouad, Basen-Engquist, & Tortolero-Luna, 2000;Escobar-Chaves, Tortolero, Mâsse, Watson, & Fulton, 2002;Gilliss et al., 2001;Marquez, Muhs, Tosomeen, Riggs, & Melton, 2003), few reports have proposed working with community organizations and leaders explicitly for this purpose. Many of those who suggest working with such contacts have not described the process of establishing relationships between researchers and the community. We have used our experiences in attempting to recruit a culturally representative sample of women who were HIV+ for a behavioral study on HIV medication adherence and substance abuse recovery to NIH Public Access HIV/AIDS and Substance Abuse DisparitiesEthnic minority groups have been found to be at an increased risk for sexually transmitted diseases and substance abuse. Specifically, HIV/AIDS with co-occurring substance abuse disorders are devastating health problems that disproportionately affect minority populations (aCenters for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2005a[CDC], , 2005cHessol et al., 2001 1997;Warren-Findlow, Prohaska, & Freedman, 2003). Difficulties in Engaging Minority WomenRecruiting ethnic minorities to participate in clinical research is more challenging and costly than recruiting participants from the ethnic majority (Escobar-Chaves et al., 2002;Levkoff & Sanchez, 2003;Marquez et al., 2003;Shavers-Hornaday & Lynch, 1997). African Americans are often distrustful of medical researchers for many reasons, including the his...

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This longitudinal study evaluated the relationship between family functioning and family racial socialization processes in a clinical sample of African American youth referred for drug abuse treatment. Participants were 77 African American adolescents and their parents. Results showed that participants assigned to structural ecosystems therapy experienced a greater increase in family racial socialization processes during treatment than participants assigned to the treatment as usual in community settings condition. Participants in structural ecosystems therapy also demonstrated a greater increase in family functioning than participants in community settings condition, and this improvement in family functioning mediated the relationship between treatment condition and family racial socialization processes. Research and clinical implications are discussed.

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