An instrumental and experimental setup for soft x-ray spectroscopy meeting the requirements of a closed source for radioactivity is described. The system consists of a vacuum sealed cell containing the sample, mounted on a tubing system to ensure compatibility with most standard manipulators. The soft x rays penetrate a thin x-ray window separating the interior of the cell from the vacuum in the experimental chamber. Our first results for single crystal PuO(2) confirm the feasibility of experiments using the setup. The results are consistent with results of first principles calculations and previously recorded spectra obtained using a standard open source setup. The results show that the closed source experimental system can be used to collect valuable experimental data from radioactive materials.
A concept that enables in-vacuum continuous variation of the angle between two ports in one plane has been developed and implemented. The vacuum chamber allows for measuring scattering cross sections as a function of scattering angle and is intended for resonant inelastic X-ray scattering experiments. The angle between the ports can be varied in the range of 30°-150°, while the pressure change is less than 2 × 10(-10) mbars.
An end station for soft x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy has been constructed, which includes an experiment chamber, rotatable 90° under ultrahigh vacuum conditions around the incoming synchrotron radiation beam, which is provided with a high-resolution soft x-ray spectrometer. A manipulator allowing three axes of rotation, three directions of translation, as well as LN2 cooling and resistive heating is mounted to the chamber and serves as the sample holder. Samples can be transferred under vacuum between the experiment chamber and two other chambers, one for sample preparation and another for introducing new samples and for sample storage. The end station has been used at two different synchrotron radiation laboratories (beamline BW3) at HASYLAB in Hamburg and at ALS (beamline 7.0) in Berkeley. Polarization-dependent and angular resolved, selectively excited x-ray emission studies have been made on ordered as well as nonordered systems, e.g., high-Tc superconducting systems, diamond, fullerenes, and molecular ices. The experimental system will be presented along with some recent scientific results.
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