This review addresses research regarding associations between child maltreatment and youth violence perpetration. The authors explore current findings on the direct effects of child maltreatment on later youth violence and possible gender and ethnic differences. They examine differences in the prediction of adolescent violence as a function of duration and timing of maltreatment. Results provide compelling evidence linking child maltreatment and later youth violence, although some research is inconclusive once demographics and other competing predictors are considered. Overall, physical abuse is perhaps the most consistent predictor of youth violence, patterned by an increased risk for children exposed to severe, compounded maltreatment. However, findings indicate that lesser severe forms of abuse can increase the risk of later violence for some youth. Limitations of current research include relatively few prospective, studies on the abuse-violence link; a general lack of specificity in definitions of key variables; and inconsistency in data analysis methods.
Most research on predictors of teen dating violence (TDV) has used cross-sectional data, which weakens predictive modeling and hypothesis testing analyses. This study uses prospective and retrospective longitudinal data on a community sample to examine previously identified predictors of TDV victimization and pathways from childhood risk and protection to TDV victimization. Data are from 941 participants in the Raising Healthy Children project. Bivariate analyses found associations in the expected direction between potential predictors and TDV victimization. For girls, a multivariate path model indicated that higher levels of bonding to parents and social skills protected against TDV victimizations, partly by reducing early adolescent alcohol use. While externalizing and internalizing behaviors in early adolescence were predicted by childhood risk and protective factors for girls, neither uniquely predicted TDV victimization. For boys, there was an indirect path from childhood bonding to parents to TDV victimization through early adolescent externalizing behavior. KeywordsTeen Dating Violence; Victimization; Substance Use Teen dating violence (TDV) is a prevalent form of youth violence that has gained increasing attention from researchers (Foshee, 1996;Foshee, Bauman, Linder, Rice, & Wilcher, 2007;Hickman, Jaycox, & Aronoff, 2004; D. E. Howard & Wang, 2003a, 2003bJaycox et al., 2006;O'Keefe, 1997;Wekerle & Wolfe, 1999). In 2005, the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System found that 9% of male and female high school students reported having been the victims of dating violence in the prior 12 months (Eaton et al., 2006). Silverman's (2001) study of a representative sample of 9th-and 12th-grade female students in Massachusetts found 1 in 5 respondents were victims of physical or sexual abuse in dating relationships. Studies that examine victimization by gender have shown higher rates for girls (57%) compared to boys (38%), and possibly higher rates in urban than in rural areas (Hickman, Jaycox, & Aronoff, 2004).Research suggests that the consequences of being a victim of teen dating violence can be severe, with some acts leading to physical injuries (Foshee, Bauman, Linder, Rice, & Wilcher, 2007;Foshee, Benefield, Ennett, Bauman, & Suchindran, 2004). Being the victim of teen dating violence can increase the risk of later substance use and mental health problems, as well as ongoing difficulties with intimate relationships (Foshee, Bauman, Linder, Rice, & Wilcher, 2007;Foshee, Benefield, Ennett, Bauman, & Suchindran, 2004 Studies that have attempted to identify risk factors for TDV victimization have mainly used cross-sectional data reports of childhood risks (Foshee, Benefield, Ennett, Bauman, & Suchindran, 2004;Hickman, Jaycox, & Aronoff, 2004; David A. Wolfe, Scott, Wekerle, & Pittman, 2001). These studies have documented risk factors that include poverty, child maltreatment, and childhood exposure to parental intimate partner violence (Foshee, Benefield, Ennett, Bauman, & Suchindran, 2004;Gonzalez, 2007...
Abstract.Equatorial Guinea (EG) has implemented a successful malaria control program on Bioko Island. A highly effective vaccine would be an ideal complement to this effort and could lead to halting transmission and eliminating malaria. Sanaria® PfSPZ Vaccine (Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite Vaccine) is being developed for this purpose. To begin the process of establishing the efficacy of and implementing a PfSPZ Vaccine mass vaccination program in EG, we decided to conduct a series of clinical trials of PfSPZ Vaccine on Bioko Island. Because no clinical trial had ever been conducted in EG, we first successfully established the ethical, regulatory, quality, and clinical foundation for conducting trials. We now report the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity results of the first clinical trial in the history of the country. Thirty adult males were randomized in the ratio 2:1 to receive three doses of 2.7 × 105 PfSPZ of PfSPZ Vaccine (N = 20) or normal saline placebo (N = 10) by direct venous inoculation at 8-week intervals. The vaccine was safe and well tolerated. Seventy percent, 65%, and 45% of vaccinees developed antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, PfSPZ by automated immunofluorescence assay, and PfSPZ by inhibition of sporozoite invasion assay, respectively. Antibody responses were significantly lower than responses in U.S. adults who received the same dosage regimen, but not significantly different than responses in young adult Malians. Based on these results, a clinical trial enrolling 135 subjects aged 6 months to 65 years has been initiated in EG; it includes PfSPZ Vaccine and first assessment in Africa of PfSPZ-CVac. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02418962.
Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite (PfSPZ) Vaccine (radiation-attenuated, aseptic, purified, cryopreserved PfSPZ) and PfSPZ-CVac (infectious, aseptic, purified, cryopreserved PfSPZ administered to subjects taking weekly chloroquine chemoprophylaxis) have shown vaccine efficacies (VEs) of 100% against homologous controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) in nonimmune adults. Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite-CVac has never been assessed against CHMI in African vaccinees. We assessed the safety, immunogenicity, and VE against homologous CHMI of three doses of 2.7 × 106 PfSPZ of PfSPZ Vaccine at 8-week intervals and three doses of 1.0 × 105 PfSPZ of PfSPZ-CVac at 4-week intervals with each arm randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and conducted in parallel. There were no differences in solicited adverse events between vaccinees and normal saline controls, or between PfSPZ Vaccine and PfSPZ-CVac recipients during the 6 days after administration of investigational product. However, from days 7–13, PfSPZ-CVac recipients had significantly more AEs, probably because of Pf parasitemia. Antibody responses were 2.9 times higher in PfSPZ Vaccine recipients than PfSPZ-CVac recipients at time of CHMI. Vaccine efficacy at a median of 14 weeks after last PfSPZ-CVac dose was 55% (8 of 13, P = 0.051) and at a median of 15 weeks after last PfSPZ Vaccine dose was 27% (5 of 15, P = 0.32). The higher VE in PfSPZ-CVac recipients of 55% with a 27-fold lower dose was likely a result of later stage parasite maturation in the liver, leading to induction of cellular immunity against a greater quantity and broader array of antigens.
Purpose This study examined three research questions: 1) Is there an association between maternal early-life economic disadvantage and the birth weight of later-born offspring? (2) Is there an association between maternal abuse in childhood and the birth weight of later-born offspring? And, (3) to what extent are these early-life risks mediated through adolescent and adult substance use, mental and physical health status, and adult socioeconomic status? Methods Analyses used structural equation modeling to examine data from two longitudinal studies that include three generations. The first (G1) and second generation (G2) were enrolled in the Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) and the third generation (G3) was enrolled in the SSDP Intergenerational Project. Data for the study (N = 136) focused on SSDP (G2) mothers and their children (G3). Results Analyses revealed G2 low childhood socioeconomic status predicted G3 offspring birth weight. Early childhood abuse among G2 respondents predicted G3 offspring birth weight through a mediated pathway including G2 adolescent substance use and G2 prenatal substance use. Birth weight was unrelated to maternal adult SES, depression or obesity. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify the impact of maternal early-life risks of low childhood socioeconomic status and child maltreatment on later-born offspring birth weight. These findings have far-reaching effects on the cumulative risk associated with early-life-economic disadvantage and childhood maltreatment. Such findings encourage policies and interventions that enhance child health at birth by taking the mother’s own early-life and development into account.
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