Background

Background: Problems that arise in students based on the results of the 2016 study indicate that more than 80% of students like to eat unhealthy snacks such as packaging snacks, fried foods, instant noodles, and meatballs. Where snacks contain high energy, carbohydrates, protein, saturated fat, and salt. The excess energy and nutrients intake are related to increasing the metabolic incidence of syndromes and the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease.Objectives: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of giving nutritional interventions to eating habits and anthropometric status of college students in Malang.Methods: The quasi-experimental design with 31 participants from college students in Malang. Nutrition interventions provided in the form of education related to healthy snacks and assistance in making healthy snacks. The instruments used were pretest-posttest, questionnaire, and semi FFQ. Data processing was carried out by descriptive statistical analysis and dependent t-test at a 95% confidence level.Results: There was a significant increase in knowledge related to healthy snacks for subyek penelitiants (p <0.01) indicated by the results of the pre-test and post-test. There was an increase in the influence with nutrition claims by 31% and there was a significant difference between before and after the intervention (p = 0.013). The results of a healthy semi FFQ snack for the fruit category experienced a significant increase after being given an intervention program (p <0.01), while the semi FFQ results for unhealthy snacks for the category of salted crackers, chocolate/candy, pudding, and market snacks tended to decrease in consumption although not significant. The prevalence of overweight and obese in participants before being given intervention was 29% and decreased after being given intervention to 22.6% even though there was no significant difference (p = 0.096).Conclusions: There is an increase in the influence of 'nutrition claims' and fruit consumption significantly. While the prevalence of obese tends to fall even though it is not significant between college students.

<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p><strong><em>Latar belakang:</em></strong><em> Masalah </em><em>sulit </em><em>makan pada anak dapat berakibat jangka panjang pada pertumbuhan dan perkembangan</em><em>, terutama dikaitkan dengan kejadian underweight. </em><em>Underweight akan </em><em>berdampak pada gangguan </em><em>perkembangan kecerdasan</em><em> dan</em><em> proses belajar, lebih rentan terhadap infeksi, meningkatkan keparahan penyakit, hingga meningkatkan mortalitas</em><em>. Salah satu penyebab sulit makan pada anak karena penampilan makanan yang tidak menarik. </em></p><p><strong><em>Tujuan:</em></strong><em> </em><em>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan pengetahuan ibu terkait gizi dan kesulitan makan pada anak, keterampilan ibu dalam pembuatan bekal, dan tingkat kesulitan makan pada anak sebelum dengan setelah pelatihan pembuatan “bento”. </em></p><p><strong><em>Metode:</em></strong><em> </em><em>Pada penelitian one-group pretest-posttest design ini, ibu (n=20) dari anak prasekolah usia 3-6.5 tahun direkrut dari KB/TK Al-Ghoniya, Malang. Variabel yang diteliti diukur sebelum dan setelah pelatihan pembuatan Bento. Kesulitan makan pada anak ditentukan dengan menggunakan </em><em>Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ)</em><em> versi Indonesia. Pengetahuan ibu diukur menggunakan pertanyaan pilihan ganda sebanyak 20 butir, dan keterampilan pembuatan bekal dinilai menurut 5 aspek, yaitu </em><em>k</em><em>esesuaian porsi</em><em>, v</em><em>ariasi menu</em><em>, </em><em>cita rasa</em><em>, dan penampilan. Uji wilcoxon dan uji t berpasangan digunakan untuk menilai perbedaan pengetahuan dan keterampilan ibu, serta tingkat kesulitan makan pada anak sebelum dengan sesudah pelatihan.</em></p><p><strong><em>Hasil:</em></strong><em> </em><em>Terdapat perbedaan pengetahuan dan keterampilan ibu, serta nilai kerewelan pada anak </em><em>(p &lt;0.05).</em><em> Tidak ditemukan perbedaan skor peka terhadap kenyang dan lambannya makan pada anak (p&gt;0.05).  Meskipun tidak ada perbedaan secara statistik, namun terdapat kecenderungan penurunan nilai peka terhadap kenyang dan lambannya makan sebelum dengan setelah pelatihan. </em></p><p><strong><em>Kesimpulan:</em></strong><em> </em><em>peningkatan penampilan pada makanan melalui bento dapat dijadikan alternatif untuk mengatasi kesulitan makan pada anak prasekolah.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong>KATA KUNCI:</strong><em> bento; kesulitan makan; anak prasekolah </em><em></em></p><p><span><strong><br /></strong></span></p><p><span><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></span></p><p><span><strong></strong><br /><span><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><span><em>Picky eating in children may have long-term consequences for growth and development, </em><span><em>especially related to underweight. Underweight results on developmental disorder, increase infection </em><span><em>susceptibility, disease severity and mortality. One of the causes of picky eating in children is the unattractive </em><span><em>of food appearance.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><strong><em>Objectives: </em></strong><em>To analize the effectiveness of the bento making training, including: Mother’s knowledge </em><em>related to nutrition and feeding difficulty in children; mother’s skill in food preparation</em><em>; </em><em>and level of eating </em><em>difficulty in children before and after bento making.</em></p><p><em></em><strong><em>Methods: </em></strong><em>This study used pretest-posttest design one-group study, mothers (n= 20) of preschool-aged </em><em>3-6.5 years were recruited from Al-Ghoniya Playgroup and Kindergarten School, Malang. Picky eating in </em><em>children was determined by Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) Indonesian version. Studied </em><em>variables were mother’s knowledge and skills, children’s satiety responsiveness, slowness in eating, and </em><em>fussiness. Wilcoxon test and paired t-test were used to assess differences in mother’s knowledge and </em><em>skills, as well as the level of eating difficulty in children before and after the training.</em></p><p><em></em><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>There were differences in maternal knowlege and skills (p&lt;0.00), and also the score of fussiness </em><em>in children before and after training (p=0.04). No difference was found in satiety responsiveness (0.058) </em><em>and slowness in eating in children (p=0.10).</em></p><p><em></em><strong><em>Conclusions: </em></strong><em>Bento-making training is effective to increase mother’s knowledge and skill and could be </em><em>as alternative to overcome picky eating among preschool children, </em><em>indicated by a decrease in the score </em><em>of fussines. </em><em>However, this training couldn’t improve the score of satiety responsiveness and slowness in </em><em>eating</em><em>.</em></p><p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><em></em><br /><span><strong>KEYWORDS</strong><span>: <span><em>bento, picky eater, preschool children</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

Background: The menu at Islamic boarding school often not varied, as a consequence it can increase food waste and reduce the level of nutritional adequacy in female students. A further impact, female students may become undernutrition and at risk of experiencing health problems such as anemia which has long-lasting effects on adult health. Objective:This study was aimed to describe menu variations, food waste, and the level of nutritional adequacy of female students at the HM Lirboyo Islamic Boarding School, Kediri Regency. Design: This cross-sectional study, involved 11 female students. Respondents assessed menu variations using Likert scale from not at all varied to very varied. Food waste was assessed using the Visual Comstock form, and the level of nutritional adequacy was assessed using food recall 3x24h compared to nutritional needs. Results: The menu was assessed by respondents as varied (73%) and very varied (27%), and for food waste, majority of students (91%) left little food. However, 100% students have very less energy and nutrients sufficiency. Conclusion: Even though there was little food left, the level of energy and nutrient sufficiency was still deficit. This showed the lack of availability of food served by Islamic boarding school.

Background: Malnutrition especially undernutrition is still concern for public health problems.Underweight in children will disrupt the learning process due to interference with the development of intelligence, more susceptible to infection and increase disease severity, to increase mortality. Objective: This study was conducted to asses the difference breastfeeding patterns include the breastmilk only duration and daily breastfeeding frequencies based on nutritional status in 6-12 months old infants. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, mothers (n=60) of infants aged 6-12 months old were recruited. The infant’s nutritional status was determined anthropometrically by 3 indexes ie body weight for age, length for age, and weight for length. Breastfeeding patterns include the breastmilk only duration and daily breastfeeding frequencies is obtained by interview and by 2x24 hour daily breastfeeding form. Kruskal-wallis test were used to evaluate the difference breastfeeding patterns based on nutritional status. Results: The average of brestmilk only duration was 3,21±2,41 months, and the average of daily breastfeeding frequencies was 12,46±3,8 times a day. Most of the respondents were in normal nutritional status (86,67% for W/A, 83,3% for L/A, and 85,0% for W/L). There were no difference in breastfeeding patterns either on breastmilk only durations or on daily breastfeeding frequencies based on nutritional status in 6-12 months old infants (p>0,05).Conclusion: Infant's nutritional status is determined more by the daily energy consumption of all infant foods, not only from breastmilk but also from complementary food.