The locations people visit, their travel routes, and the amount of time spent at these locations are some of the most basic, but relevant, data on recreation. Specifically, spatial and temporal distributions of use influence the extent of recreationrelated resource impacts (Hammitt and Cole 1998). Also, use distributions affect experiential aspects of nature-based recreation, such as facility capacities, perceptions of crowding, and conflict among users (Manning 2011).Collection of spatial and temporal data describing naturebased recreational use patterns has traditionally involved asking visitors to record their own travel routes and times on paper map diaries or questionnaires (Gimblett et al. 2003;Hallo et al. 2005;Potter and Manning 1984;Shechter and Lucas 1978). These methods of collecting data on recreation use patterns are subject to much error and imprecision. For example, the ability of visitors to specify their location on a map (as used in studies employing map diaries) or to know the name of a specific location (as used in a questionnaire) is highly variable. This can lead to a misrepresentation of the places that were visited (Stedman et al. 2004;Stopher and Greaves 2007). Also, when recording times of stay on a map or questionnaire, the precision of responses may be influenced by the rounding of time units used to indicate a length of stay (Stopher and Greaves 2007).Traditional methods of collecting spatial and temporal use data are also burdensome to both survey respondents and researchers. These methods require respondents to track their travel routes on blank maps and record the time spent at locations. Studies involving larger nature-based tourist destinations such as parks, complex trail systems, or unmarked sites and trails make it too time-consuming or unfeasible for visitors to record the entirety of their travels. Also, respondents must be attentive to the research instruments instead of focusing on their recreational experience. Additionally, researchers must devote both time and resources to interpreting, categorizing, and transferring the data from paper maps or questionnaires to a computer for analysis.More recently, geospatial technologies have been used to collect and visually represent spatial recreational use 431325J TRXXX10.
2013) Doing sustainability: an application of an inter-disciplinary and mixed-method approach to a regional sustainable tourism project, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21:3, 355-375, This paper describes and explains an interdisciplinary and mixed-method approach to a large-scale sustainable tourism development project. The research took place in a two-county area straddling the Blue Ridge Parkway in the Appalachian mountains of Virginia, USA. It was commissioned in order to develop a sustainable tourism centerpiece to enhance the region and encourage visitor expenditures while maintaining the environment and quality of life of the community. In response to Hollinshead and Jamal's 2007 call for a more bricoleur and third ear approach to tourism research, a gap analysis of the region's tourism offerings was performed using six interdisciplinary, mixed-method research phases seeking to identify discrepancies between the current region's tourism offerings, visitor preferences and community stakeholders. Phases included a Community Resource Assessment (GIS-based Inventory), Stakeholder Interviews, a Visitor Survey and GPS visitor tracking, the development of seven Potential Scenarios, a Potential Visitor Survey and an Economic Analysis. Subsequently, two potential tourism centerpieces were developed with the goal of showcasing the region's unique mountain and agricultural heritage. In addition to providing a detailed overview of the research project, the paper concludes with discussion of the practical and political challenges, time constraints and rewards that accompany this type of research.
Despite the visibility of natural resource use and access for indigenous and rural peoples elsewhere, less attention is paid to the ways that development patterns interrupt nontimber forest products (NTFPs) and gathering practices by people living in urbanizing landscapes of the United States. Using a case study from Lowcountry South Carolina, we examine how urbanization has altered the political-ecological relationships that characterize gathering practices in greater Mt. Pleasant, a rapidly urbanizing area within the Charleston-North Charleston Metropolitan area. We draw on grounded visualization-an analytical method that integrates qualitative and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data-to examine the ways that residential and commercial development has altered collecting sites and practices associated with sweetgrass (Muhlenbergia sericea [Michx.] P.M.Peterson) and three other plant materials used in basket-making. Our analysis focuses on the ecological changes and shifts in property regimes that result; we detail the strategies basket-makers have developed to maintain access to sweetgrass and other raw materials. This research highlights how land development patterns have disrupted historic gathering practices, namely by changing the distribution of plants, altering the conditions of access to these species, and reconfiguring the social networking that takes place to ensure the survival of this distinctive art form.
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