The aim of this study was to develop mathematical models to estimate the leaf area of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in irrigated and non-irrigated water regimes from linear dimensions. An experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with a 3×2 factorial arrangement (three cultivars: Triunfo, Garapiá and FC 104; two water regimes: irrigated and non-irrigated) with 25 replicates each. A total of 523 trifoliates were collected throughout the crop cycle. The length (L, cm) and width (W, cm) of the central leaflet of the trifoliate were measured and their product (LW) (cm²) calculated. Then, the leaf area of these trifoliates was determined by digital photography methods using ImageJ® software, and using leaf discs. The number of samples required to estimate the leaf area of a trifoliate was determined to define which method is the most accurate to be used as the real leaf area in generating equations to estimate the leaf area in common bean. The relationship between area by digital photographs and the dimensions of the central leaflet of the trifoliate (L, W and LW) was fitted by linear, quadratic and power models. Subsequently, the predictive capacity of the equations was assessed by the root mean square error (cm2 trifoliate-1), mean absolute error (cm2 trifoliate-1), index of agreement and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Sample size varied between cultivars, water regimes and evaluation methods. It is more appropriate to use the leaf area provided by ImageJ® as real for comparison purposes in generating models to estimate leaf area from linear measurements, in common bean. The general equation LA = 1.092L1.945 can be used in the tested regimes without accuracy losses.
The increase of the world population associated to the concentration of this population in urbanized environments has caused the growth of the production of residues of organic solids, that in most of the times are discarded in inadequate places that can pollute the environment. Another factor that is also related to population growth is the demand for more food, mainly agricultural products, which need different inputs, such as fertilizers to increase productivity. Given this context, it is essential to use technologies that allow the recycling of nutrients from organic waste, which have the potential to condition soils and fertilize agricultural crops. This work has the objective of evaluating two already consolidated technologies for recycling solid organic waste, such as composting and vermicomposting, implanted in compact systems. Among these feasible systems were evaluated the humic compounds and the slurries generated, the parameters being evaluated the assimilable phosphorus (P), the active acidity, organic matter and the organic carbon. The results obtained indicate that the vermicompost presents a higher production of humic compound and less of slurry in relation to the composting process, and that the humic compound produced in the composting process and the slurry produced by the vermicompost process have higher P indices, organic and organic carbon, in relation to their corresponding, and the acidity index was practically the same for the slurries and humic compounds produced in both organic matter recycling processes.
Com o melhoramento vegetal, as plantas de tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum) são selecionadas com vistas a expressar o máximo do seu rendimento, tornando-se mais exigentes em fertilizantes e agrotóxicos. Na busca por sistemas mais sustentáveis de produção, necessita-se entender melhor as interações entre plantas e microrganismos promotores de crescimento. Estes podem ser utilizados como insumos biológicos, no entanto, sua eficiência pode depender da interação entre os genótipos dos organismos envolvidos. Dentre os microrganismos promotores de crescimento, estão os rizóbios, que realizam a fixação biológica de nitrogênio quando associados simbioticamente com leguminosas, que também podem estimular o crescimento de outras famílias botânicas por outros mecanismos. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a produção de diferentes genótipos de tomateiros quando inoculados com quatro isolados de rizóbios. Foi realizado um experimento a campo, bifatorial, com delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Cada bloco continha 15 unidades experimentais com oito plantas inoculadas com meio de cultura contendo rizóbios. Foram utilizadas duas variedades crioulas e uma cultivar híbrida, inoculadas com os isolados UFRGS-VP16, UFRGS-Lc336, UFRGS-Lc348 e SEMIA-3007. Os frutos foram colhidos no começo da maturação, pesados e medidos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste Dunnett. As cultivares Cereja e Rosa, ambas crioulas, tiveram aumento de produção com a inoculação com rizóbios, enquanto a variedade Serato, híbrida, não obteve incremento de produção com essa prática.
Common beans reduce their development and productivity when facing soil water deficit. Comprehension about growth response under this condition can be a tool for cultivar selection and escape from scarcity periods. Therefore, the objective was to characterize bean growth in different water conditions using logistic and chanter models. Two experiments (crop season= EI and fallow season = EII) were carried out in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil in a bifactorial scheme (cultivars: Triunfo, Garapiá, FC104; water condition: irrigated, not irrigated) in a completely randomized design. Fortnightly evaluations of height, number of nodes, stem diameter, root length, aerial part, roots, and nodules dry matter were carried out. The data were adjusted according to the accumulated thermal sum by the logistic and chanter models. From the results, it is noted that there was a dissimilar performance between water conditions, cultivars, and experiments. The best adjustment occurred for stem diameter, node number, and aerial part dry matter. Between models, the logistic is the most suitable to describe common bean growth.
The State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) has intense water use for irrigated rice production, generating concerns regarding the quality of this water, which will be returned to the water sources at the end of the harvest. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of water from rice fields and yield as a function of drainage time. The treatments were: T1: drainage from full flowering (R4) according to Counce et al. (2000); T2: 7 days after R4; T3: 14 days after R4; T4: 21 days after R4; T5: 28 days after R4; T6 (control): 35 days after R4. At the moment of drainage the leaf height was quantified and the water samples were then collected, where the pH, electrical conductivity, nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate), phosphorus, potassium and sodium solution in solution were quantified of grain yield. All parameters related to water quality studied are in accordance with CONAMA Resolution 357/2005. The productivity results indicate that it is possible to drain irrigated rice from 14 days after full flowering.
The soybean is an alternative of diversification and financial return to the rice farmer. However, it presents difficulties of cultivation and low yield due to the physical characteristics of the soil. In this scenario, the objective of this work was to verify the influence of soil scarification, the genetic material used and the sowing date. Three soybean cultivars, with yield potential classified as “medium”, “high” and “very high”, were sown in a scarified and non-scarified area, in the dates november 7th and december 10th, year of 2018. The scarification opperation occurred on october 1st. Initial establishment varied according to cultivar, soil mechanism and sowing date. Soil scarification effect was verified up to 100 days after the operation. Within the construction of the yield potential, scarification accounted for 14.4 %, sowing date 12.5 % and genetic material 73.1 % of crop grain yield, in the “high” and “very high” potential materials.
Resumo Há uma grande variação climática regional no RS, maior estado produtor de arroz do Brasil, o que ocasiona diferentes respostas em produtividade de grãos, tornando a época de semeadura, o fator determinante da produção anual. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar cultivares de arroz irrigado, com diferentes ciclos de desenvolvimento, em função da época de semeadura. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos na região central e zona sul do RS, avaliando a produtividade de grãos em oito épocas de semeadura (a partir de 01/09 até 15/12) com cultivares distintas em função do ciclo: super precoce, precoce, médio e tardio. Foram quantificados a soma térmica, bem como a velocidade de estabelecimento. As semeaduras antecipadas (até 01/10) podem prejudicar o estande inicial e o estabelecimento da cultura é atrasado conforme a antecipação da semeadura. A diferença da necessidade de acúmulo de soma térmica entre os ciclos é mais contrastante do subperíodo emergência-diferenciação da panícula e a época de semeadura para o RS variam conforme o ciclo, sendo 15/09 a 01/10 para o melhor período para semeadura de cultivares tardias, 01/10 a 15/10 para ciclo médio, 01/10 a 15/11 para precoce e 15/11 para super precoce e a temperatura apresenta tanto impacto quanto a radiação solar, na produtividade da cultura.
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