Calonectria species are important plant pathogens on a wide range of hosts, causing significant losses to plant production worldwide. During our survey on phytopathogenic fungi from 2019 to 2021, diseased samples were collected from various hosts in Guangdong Province, China. In total, 16 Calonectria isolates were obtained from leaf spots, stem blights and root rots of species of Arachis, Cassia, Callistemon, Eucalyptus, Heliconia, Melaleuca and Strelitzia plants. Isolates were identified morphologically, and a multigene phylogenetic analysis of combined partial sequences of calmodulin (cmdA), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α) and beta-tubulin (β-tubulin) was performed. These sixteen isolates were further identified as nine Calonectria species, with five new species: Ca. cassiae, Ca. guangdongensis, Ca. melaleucae, Ca. shaoguanensis and Ca. strelitziae, as well as four new records: Ca. aconidialis from Arachis hypogaea, Ca. auriculiformis from Eucalyptus sp., Ca. eucalypti from Callistemon rigidus, and Ca. hongkongensis from Eucalyptus gunnii. Moreover, we provide updated phylogenetic trees for four Calonectria species complexes viz. Ca. colhounii, Ca. cylindrospora, Ca. kyotensis and Ca. reteaudii. Our study is the first comprehensive study on Calonectria species associated with various hosts from subtropical regions in China. Results from the present study will be an addition to the biodiversity of microfungi in South China.
Alocasia longiloba is a popular ornamental plant in China, however pests and diseases associated with A. longiloba reduce the ornamental value of this plant. From 2016 to 2021, stem and root rot has been observed on A. longiloba in Guangdong Province, China. Once the disease became severe, plants wilted and died. A fungus was isolated from the diseased stem and identified as Fusarium elaeidis using both morphological characteristics and molecular analysis of DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit (rpb2), translation elongation factor-1α (tef1) gene and β-tubulin (tub2) sequence data. The pathogenicity test showed the fungus was able to produce typical symptoms on A. longiloba similar to those observed in the field. The original pathogen was reisolated from inoculated plants fulfilling Koch’s postulates. This is the first report of Fusarium elaeidis causing stem rot on A. longiloba. These results will provide a baseline to identify and control diseases associated with A. longiloba.
Blueberry has high nutritional value and is one of the five healthy fruits. In 2018, leaf spots and stem blights were observed on Vaccinium corymbosum cv. Bluerain in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. Up to 80% of the plants were affected. Initial symptoms of affected leaves were red-brown, irregular, small spots, which gradually coalesced and formed larger irregular necrotic patches. The affected stems showed red-brown and irregular large lesions. Diseased tissues were surface sterilized with 75% alcohol for 15 s, followed by 2.5% NaClO for 30 s, and rinsing three times in sterile distilled water, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25 C. Representative strains, ZHKUCC 21-0021 from diseased leaves and ZHKUCC 21-0073 from diseased stems, were selected for further studies. Colonies grew slowly at 25 C on malt extract agar (MEA) (average 5.68 mm/d), producing white aerial mycelium and red-brown color on the underside after 7 days. Macroconidiophores were hyaline, smooth, consisting of a stipe bearing fertile branches, and a stipe extension terminating in a vesicle. Each terminal branch produced 2–4 phialides, 8–13 × 3–6 μm, reniform or doliiform; Stipe extensions were septate, terminating in a narrowly clavate vesicle, 2–6 μm. Macroconidia were hyaline, straight cylindrical, round at both ends, 83–100 × 7–11 μm (average = 94 × 8 μm; n = 50), with 5 septa. These morphological characteristics were similar to the description of Calonectria pseudoreteaudii (Lombard et al., 2010). The partial calmodulin (cmdA), beta-tubulin (β-tubulin), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α) genes of the two isolates were respectively amplified using primers CAL-228F/CAL-737R (Carbone et al., 1999), EF1-728F/EF2 and T1/CYLTUB1R (Lombard et al., 2015), and sequences were deposited in GenBank (cmdA: MZ516854 and MZ516855; β-tubulin: MZ516858 and MZ516859; tef1-α: MZ516856 and MZ516857). BLAST analysis of three gene sequences showed 100% similarity to those of C. pseudoreteaudii. In the maximum likelihood (ML) tree of the concatenated sequences of the three genes, the two isolates from this study were clustered with C. pseudoreteaudii with 100% bootstrap support. Five-mm-diameter hyphal plugs of two representative isolates grown on PDA for five days were used in the pathogenicity test. Leaves were inoculated with ZHKUCC 21-0021, and stems were inoculated with ZHKUCC 21-0073 with five replicates. As controls, sterile PDA plugs were used. All inoculated plants were maintained at 25 C . After 7 days, inoculated leaves and stems developed symptoms similar to field samples, whereas the control plants remained asymptomatic. The pathogen was reisolated from inoculated plants and confirmed to be C. pseudoreteaudii by morphological characteristics. Five Calonectria species (C. canadensis, C. colhounii, C. ilicicola, C. kyotensis and C. pyrochroa), have been reported associated with blueberry (Farr and Rossman, 2022; Fei et al, 2017). Calonectria canadensis and C. ilicicola have been reported to cause stem blight and stem rot in Vaccinium spp. in China (Fei et al, 2017 and 2018). Calonectria colhounii has been reported to cause stem blight in V. angustifolium and V. corymbosum in the United States (Sadowsky et al, 2011). However, this is the first report of C. pseudoreteaudii causing leaf spot and stem blight on Vaccinium spp. worldwide. These results will provide a foundation for future research on prevention and control of this disease.
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