Two experiments (Ns = 220, 135) investigated the role of first and second generation immigrants' desire for Culture Maintenance and Intercultural Contact in affecting majority members' intergroup attitudes (2 × 2 × 2 design). Participants were presented with fictitious interviews through which immigrants' acculturation preferences and generational status were manipulated. Immigrants' desire for contact strongly affected host members' attitudes: those who were perceived to want contact elicited more favourable intergroup attitudes than those who did not. Desire for contact also moderated the relationship between immigrants' desire for culture maintenance and attitudes towards them: culture maintenance only stimulated favourable attitudes if the immigrant also expressed desire for contact. Immigrants' generational status and their desire for Culture Maintenance were found to interact, such that less favourable attitudes were shown towards second generation immigrants refusing their heritage culture. Psychological processes mediating these effects were investigated, finding evidence for symbolic threat, appreciation for multiculturalism and metastereotypes. Overall, the results suggest that both immigrants' generational status and acculturation attitudes should be taken into account when studying intergroup attitudes of dominant groups and in planning interventions for the improvement of intercultural relations.

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This research evaluated the psychometric properties of the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS; McCreary & Sasse, 2000) among Italian men and distinguished between heterosexual and gay men. There were 355 participants, of whom 212 were heterosexual and 143 were gay men. A 2-factor solution with a second-order latent factor had a good fit to the data for the whole sample and separately for the 2 groups. The muscle-oriented body image and behavior dimensions loaded on a Drive for Muscularity secondorder factor. The Italian version of the DMS had good reliability and concurrent validity. Gay men reported more preoccupation with their muscle-oriented body image, a greater drive for muscularity, and higher athletic internalization scores than heterosexual men, although sexual orientation did not influence the drive for muscularity's behavioral domain. This study provides evidence for the DMS's validity with Italian-speaking men independent of sexual orientation. Although using both subscales may be desirable for understanding men's drive for muscularity, the global DMS score may also be useful, depending on the research or intervention aims.