Cancer immunotherapy is the most promising trend in oncology, focusing on helping or activating the patient's immune system to identify and fight against cancer. In the last decade, interest in metabolic reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages from M2-like phenotype (promoting tumor progression) to M1-like phenotypes (suppressing tumor growth) as a therapeutic strategy against cancer has increased considerably. Iron metabolism has been standing out as a target for the reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages to M1-like phenotype with therapeutic purposes against cancer. Due to the importance of the iron levels in macrophage polarization states, iron oxide nanoparticles can be used to change the activation state of tumor-associated macrophages for a tumor suppressor phenotype and as an anti-tumor strategy.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) encompass a group of complex entities of tumours affecting the aerodigestive upper tract. The main risk factors are strongly related to tobacco and alcohol consumption, but also HPV infection is often associated. Surgery, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy are the standard treatments, though the 5-year overall survival is less than 50%. The advances in genomics, molecular medicine, immunology, and nanotechnology have shed a light on tumour biology which helps clinical researchers to obtain more efficacious and less toxic therapies. Head and neck tumours possess different immune escape mechanisms including diminishing the immune response through modulating immune checkpoints, in addition to the recruitment and differentiation of suppressive immune cells. The insights into the HNSCC biology and its strong interaction with the tumour microenvironment highlights the role of immunomodulating agents. Recently, the knowledge of the immunological features of these tumours has paved the way for the discovery of effective biomarkers that allow a better selection of patients with odds of improving overall survival through immunotherapy. Specially biomarkers regarding immune checkpoint inhibitors antibodies, such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 in combination with standard therapy or as monotherapy. New immunotherapies to treat head and neck cancer carcinomas, such as CAR T cells and nanoparticles have been the center of attention and in this review, we discuss the necessity of finding targets for the T cell in the cancer cells to generate CAR T cells, but also the relevance of evaluating specificity and safety of those therapies.

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RESUMO-No estado de Minas Gerais, em função da forte presença de maciços naturais, a cultura da Macaúba tem sido considerada importante do ponto de vista econômico, devida à elevada produtividade de óleo vegetal com potencial para produção de biodiesel e outros fins. Uma das dificuldades está associada com a forma de colheita dos frutos, cujo ponto ideal de maturação ocorre com o desprendimento do cacho. Ao entrar em contato com o chão, os frutos sofrem contaminação por microrganismos, e consequente deterioração de quase todas as partes, comprometendo a qualidade do fruto e seus produtos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os microrganismos presentes na casca e polpa do fruto após diferentes tratamentos póscolheita e após 30 dias de armazenamento. Identificou-se uma diversidade de leveduras, bactérias e fungos, sendo maior na casca em relação à polpa em todos os casos. Após o armazenamento verificou-se uma predominância de fungos na polpa, e de bactérias e leveduras na casca.

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