Gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L. (initial mean body weight: 42.5 g) were fed four experimental diets containing either 47 or 51% of dry matter (DM) as protein and either 15 or 21% as lipid for 12 weeks. Each diet was hand‐distributed to triplicate groups of 60 fish, three times a day until satiation. The digestibility coefficients of the dietary components were determined using chromic oxide as a marker. The levels of protein or lipid in the diets did not affect the digestibility. Fish regulated their feed intake and attained the same weight at the end of the experiment. However, feed efficiency varied between diets, with best values obtained with both diets containing 21% lipid. When diets contained only 15% lipid, feed efficiency increased with dietary protein level. Nitrogen retention was significantly higher with high fat diets regardless of dietary protein level. Neutral lipid deposition was significantly higher in liver for diets rich in lipids. It was elevated in muscle only in fish fed the diet containing 47% protein and 21% lipid and this deposition in muscle contributed to a significant increase in body fat content. Phosphorus load to the environment, measured as percentage retention of ingested or digestible phosphorus, was significantly lower with both diets higher in lipids.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The consequences of compensatory responses to balloon catheter injury in rat carotid artery, on phenylephrine‐induced relaxation and contraction in the contralateral carotid artery were studied. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Relaxation and contraction concentration–response curves for phenylephrine were obtained for contralateral carotid arteries in the presence of indomethacin (COX inhibitor), SC560 (COX‐1 inhibitor), SC236 (COX‐2 inhibitor) or 4‐hydroxytetramethyl‐L‐piperidine‐1‐oxyl (tempol; superoxide dismutase mimetic). Reactive oxygen species were measured in carotid artery endothelial cells fluorimetrically with dihydroethidium. KEY RESULTS Phenylephrine‐induced relaxation was abolished in contralateral carotid arteries from operated rats (Emax= 0.01 ± 0.004 g) in relation to control (Emax= 0.18 ± 0.005 g). Phenylephrine‐induced contractions were increased in contralateral arteries (Emax= 0.54 ± 0.009 g) in relation to control (Emax= 0.38 ± 0.014 g). SC236 restored phenylephrine‐induced relaxation (Emax= 0.17 ± 0.004 g) and contraction (Emax= 0.34 ± 0.018 g) in contralateral arteries. Tempol restored phenylephrine‐induced relaxation (Emax= 0.19 ± 0.012 g) and contraction (Emax= 0.42 ± 0.014 g) in contralateral arteries, while apocynin did not alter either relaxation (Emax= 0.01 ± 0.004 g) or contraction (Emax= 0.54 ± 0.009 g). Dihydroethidium fluorescence was increased in contralateral samples (18 882 ± 435 U) in relation to control (10 455 ± 303 U). SC236 reduced the fluorescence in contralateral samples (8250 ± 365 U). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Balloon catheter injury abolished phenylephrine‐induced relaxation and increased phenylephrine‐induced contraction in contralateral carotid arteries, through O2‐ derived from COX‐2.
RESUMOAvaliou-se a celularidade do colostro de 53 vacas da raça Holandesa, utilizando-se 171 amostras, colhidas após a primeira e a segunda ordenha pós-parto. Para a análise citológica quantitativa e qualitativa, foram utilizadas as técnicas de microscopia direta e citocentrifugação. O total de leucócitos obtido por contagem microscópica direta foi de 0,878x10 6 e 1,260x10 6 , antes da primeira e da segunda ordenha, respectivamente, e os valores da mediana dos fagócitos obtidos antes da primeira e da segunda ordenha foram de 0,657 e 0,828x10 6 leucócitos mononucleares, e 0,178 e 0,392x10 6 leucócitos polimorfonucleares (P<0,0001). Os valores da mediana dos tipos leucocitários, antes da primeira e da segunda ordenha, foram: 0,640x10 6 e 0,772 monócitos/células epiteliais; 0,136x10 6 e 0,098 linfócitos; 0,045x10 6 e 0,203x10 6 neutrófilos, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que o colostro bovino da segunda ordenha apresentou aumento da quantidade de células somáticas e leucócitos polimorfonucleares/mL de colostro. Essas variações podem estar relacionadas à importância do colostro aos neonatos, ou a modificações fisiológicas e de defesa da glândula mamária, durante o período de adaptação dela.
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