With limited electroencephalography training and access to clinical data, anesthesiologists can estimate the BIS almost as well as a second BIS® monitor. These results reinforce the potential utility of training anesthesia practitioners in unprocessed electroencephalogram interpretation.

A fully three-dimensional (3-D) implementation of the maximum a posteriori (MAP) method for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is demonstrated. The 3-D reconstruction exhibits a major increase in resolution when compared to the generation of the series of separate 2-D slice reconstructions. As has been noted, the iterative EM algorithm for 2-D reconstruction is highly computational; the 3-D algorithm is far worse. To accommodate the computational complexity, previous work in the 2-D arena is extended, and an implementation on the class of massively parallel processors of the 3-D algorithm is demonstrated. Using a 16000- (4000-) processor MasPar/DECmpp-Sx machine, the algorithm is demonstrated to execute at 2.5 (7.8) s/EM-iteration for the entire 64x64x64 cube of 96 planar measurements obtained from the Siemens Orbiter rotating camera operating in the high-resolution mode.

Nonprofit organizations addressing societal challenges such as hunger, poverty, and racial inequities seek to grow the impact of their promising solutions to these problems—scaling social impact. Yet, local, community-based nonprofits often struggle to identify a path to scale their impact. To address this problem, we partnered with eleven nonprofits engaged in social impact scaling. By integrating insights on scaling from our nonprofit research partners together with academic research on scaling across a range of disciplines, we outline a framework for scaling community-based nonprofits and the marketing practices that support it. Our research advances a two-stage social impact scaling framework. We term this framework T-Shaped Scaling. Within our framework, the vertical bar of the T refers to scaling deep, grounding solutions within a community, and the horizontal bar of the T represents scaling wide, adapting and transferring the scaled deep solutions to new communities. This framework advances both our conceptual and practical understanding of social impact scaling. Finally, we explore the policy implications of social impact scaling and call on researchers in marketing to further investigate the scaling strategies and marketing practices that grow social impact.

The value of a one-stage silver staining technique for nucleolar organizer region (NOR)-associated protein was investigated as a predictor of clinical outcome in 100 rectal adenocarcinomas. In formalin-fixed tissues, a variety of silver-stained structures ranging from 0.5 to 7 microns are seen, the abundance of which bears no relation to prognosis, cell proliferation, or ploidy. Evidence is presented that the silver-stained structures are the result of coalescence of smaller particles caused by formalin fixation, and that assessment of NOR activity is not reliable in routinely formalin-fixed archival tissues.