Real-time simulations have proven to be an important tool for system analysis because they present robust results that are more similar to the dynamics behavior of a real system. The objective of this paper is to evaluate passive islanding detection methods applied to a system with photovoltaic generation in the real-time simulator OPAL-RT©. The methods analyzed in this paper are Under/Over frequency, Under/Over voltage, the Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) and the Rate of Change of Voltage (ROCOV). The parameters for performance evaluation of the methods were the detection time, the non-detection zone, and the occurrence of unintentional detections. The simulations were performed on a diagram built in HYPERSIM software, which allows the interface with the simulator in real time.Resumo: As simulações em tempo real têm se mostrado uma ferramenta importante para análise de sistemas, pois apresentam resultados robustos e mais fiéis ao comportamento dinâmico de um sistema real. O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar métodos passivos de detecção de ilhamento aplicados em um sistema com geração fotovoltaica no simulador em tempo real OPAL-RT©. Os métodos analisados neste artigo são o Sub/Sobrefrequência, Sub/Sobretensão, a Taxa de Variação de Frequência (ROCOF) e a Taxa de Variação de Tensão (ROCOV). Os parâmetros para avaliação de desempenho dos métodos foram o tempo de detecção, a zona de não-detecção e a ocorrência de detecções não-intencionais. As simulações foram realizadas em um diagrama construído no software HYPERSIM, que permite a interface com o simulador em tempo real.
A frequência elétrica, em Sistemas Elétricos de Potência (SEPs), é uma característica de elevada importância pois influência diretamente no funcionamento dos equipamentos presentes na rede e na qualidade de energia fornecida. Esse artigo apresenta a implementação de algoritmos de estimação de frequência em Digital Signal Processor (DSP) F28377s com intuito de utilização em simulações de sistemas elétricos de potência em simuladores de tempo real. Os algoritmos apresentados são baseados em detecção por passagem por zero, Transformada Rápida Fourier (FFT) e Transformada Discreta Fourier (DFT). Os métodos foram submetidos a casos de sinal com frequência contante, com frequência variada com degrau, rampa, adição de harmônicas e presença de ruído gaussiano. Os resultados apresentados pelos métodos foram comparados pela análise dos índices de tempo de convergência e erro de estimação em regime permanente. Os resultados dos métodos aqui apresentados foram satisfatórios e evidenciaram vantagem dos algoritmos baseados em Transformada de Fourier.
Actually, investors from several industrial sectors are looking for process improvements that aim at profitability and greater competitiveness in the market, however, characteristics such as cost, information and production agility are determining points for this. Open source input and output control platforms that integrate microcontrollers have been gaining ground in several sectors, where programmers have the ability to control processes and manage data. In this way, this article presents the development of a real time monitoring system of physical quantities based on Arduino and Raspberry. The complete system will consist of two modules, "Slave" and "Master", in which the data transfer of the measurements of temperature, humidity, luminosity, pressure and others will be carried out. The slave, formed by inexpensive sensors connected to an Arduino MEGA 2560, will be allocated at a remote location to acquire the desired physical quantities. The Master, will receive the information through an ethernet shield, connected in both modules, and will manage the database. The information stored on the web server can be accessed via internet browser, either in desktops or mobile systems through a friendly platform in real time.
The basic function of the Electric Power System is to supply electrical energy with quality and when requested. For this to be possible some analysis of the system is required, among them Power Flow Analysis. This analysis is important for the delineation of the power systems, as well as in the definition of the best conditions of operation, control and supervision of the existing systems. The system is modeled as follows: Generators, Loads, Reactors and Capacitors are connected between any node and the ground node, since the transmission lines and transformers are connected between any two nodes. Thus, the admittance matrix of the system will be generated through nodal analysis that will be solved by numerical methods. One of the objectives of this work aims to perform the power flow analysis of a system with the aid of numerical methods. Another objective is as well as to verify the accuracy of the results, with solutions obtained by the methods of Gauss Elimination, LU Factoration, Gauss Seidel and Crout Method, implemented in C language. The analysis of the accuracy of the results occurred through the relative error in comparison to the results obtained by MatLab software.
Usually for the knowledge of the voltages in the electrical circuits it is used the nodal analysis. The nodal analysis is based on Kirchoff’s Law of Currents and Ohm’s Law, where we determine the potential difference between nodes in an electric circuit. Each node produces an equation, thus forming a system of equations that can be solved by numerical methods. This work aims to perform the nodal analysis of a base circuit using the numerical methods Gauss Elimination, LU Factoration, QR Factoration and Crout Method for the solution of linear systems. All numerical methods were implemented in C programming language and the analysis of the accuracy of the results was given by the relative error in comparison to the results obtained by MatLab software. For this process, a base circuit was used that in its nodal analysis generated a linear system of seven equations and seven unknowns. After the conclusion, it was possible to assume that the development of the work provided the application and programming of numerical methods for solution of linear systems in Problems of Electrical Engineering, presenting solutions as exact as those obtained by commercial mathematical software.
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