Microplastics (MPs) are considered as a pollutant of marine environments and have become a global environmental problem in recent years. A number of studies have demonstrated that MPs can enter the human food chain, and MPs have even been detected in human stools. Therefore, there is increasing concern about the potential risks of MPs to human and animal health. Here, we investigated maternal polystyrene MPs exposure during gestation and lactation and evaluated the potential effects on dams and the F1 (both PND 42 and 280) and F2 (PND 42) generations. The results of transcriptome and 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that MPs caused the metabolic disorder in maternal MPs associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis and gut barrier dysfunction. Simultaneously, maternal MPs exposure also had the intergenerational effects and even caused long-term metabolic consequences in the F1 and F2 generations. In addition, in F1 (PND 42), the composition of gut microbiota did not change significantly, while the hepatic transcriptome and serum metabolite changes showed the potential risk in metabolic disorder. Then, the potential of hepatic lipid accumulation was observed in adult F1 mice (PND 280), especially in the female mice. Our results demonstrated that maternal MPs exposure during gestation and lactation increases the risk of metabolic disorder, and these results provide new insight into the potential long-term hazards of MPs.
A series of purely organic macrocycles and catenanes can be self-assembled by condensing a cationic bisaldehyde compound with a series of dihydrazide linkers in weakly acidic water. On one hand, the macrocycles could be generated as the predominant products under the condition of low concentration or less polar media. In the presence of a guest template, these macrocycles could even be obtained in close to quantitative yields, allowing them to be isolated as pure solid products without the need for chromatographic purification. On the other hand, [2]catenanes could be obtained as the major products in more concentrated solutions or more polar media where hydrophobic effects are enhanced. Once purified, both macrocycles and catenanes exhibit remarkable kinetic stability in both the solid state and neutral aqueous solution at room temperature. By means of selective host-guest recognition, one of the macrocyclic products is capable of resolving a pair of hydrocarbon isomers, namely phenanthrene and anthracene, which have similar properties and can hardly be separated by commonly used approaches.
A cobalt(III)-catalyzed C-2 selective C-H alkynylation of indoles using hypervalent iodine-alkyne reagents is described. A broad range of synthetically useful functional groups (-F, -Cl, -Br, -CO2Me, -CN) were tolerated, providing an efficient and robust protocol for the synthesis of C-2 alkynylated indoles. The pyrimidyl and silyl protecting groups could be easily removed to give the corresponding 2-ethynyl-1H-indole.
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