We report on near-GeV electron beam generation from an all-optical cascaded laser wakefield accelerator (LWFA). Electron injection and acceleration are successfully separated and controlled in different LWFA stages by employing two gas cells filled with a He/O2 mixture and pure He gas, respectively. Electrons with a Maxwellian spectrum, generated from the first LWFA assisted by ionization-induced injection, were seeded into the second LWFA with a 3-mm-thick gas cell and accelerated to be a 0.8-GeV quasimonoenergetic electron beam, corresponding to an acceleration gradient of 187  GV/m. The demonstrated scheme paves the way towards the multi-GeV laser accelerators.

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We demonstrate experimentally the efficient fusion neutron generation from Coulomb explosion ͑CE͒ of laser irradiated large-size heteronuclear deuterated methane clusters. A conversion efficiency of 2.1 ϫ 10 6 neutrons/ J of incident laser energy is obtained with a 120 mJ, 70 fs laser pulse. It is 50 times higher than that of homonuclear deuterium clusters of similar size. This enhancement is attributed to the significant increase in the deuteron kinetic energies by fourfold due to energetic boosting and overrun effects during CE of heteronuclear clusters. The yield of 5.5ϫ 10 6 neutrons per pulse is obtained with a 100 TW, 50 fs driving laser pulse at an intensity of 1.5ϫ 10 19 W / cm 2 . This work may facilitate the development of a high-flux The generation of deuterium-deuterium ͑DD͒ fusion neutrons from Coulomb explosion ͑CE͒ of laser-heated cryogenic deuterium clusters ͑D 2 ͒ N was first demonstrated by Ditmire et al. in 1999 ͓1͔ with a high-repetition-rate tabletop laser; an efficiency of about 10 5 fusion neutrons/ J of incident laser energy was achieved, which was close to the efficiency of large-scale laser-driven fusion experiments ͓2,3͔. This kind of short ͑subnanosecond͒ bursts of monoenergetic fusion neutrons could find wide applications in materials science ͓4͔ such as high spatial resolution neutron radiography and time-resolved study of radiation damage which is of particular importance for developing future fusion energy reactor. However, the conversion efficiency of neutron generation should be improved dramatically to be 10 7-8 neutrons/ J of incident laser energy ͓5͔. Extensive researches have been devoted to investigate the fusion dynamics in laser-cluster interactions and the temporal and spatial characterizations of fusion neutron emission, as well as to search for higher neutron yields ͓6-19͔. The effects of the ͑D 2 ͒ N cluster size, the laser energies, and focusing conditions were studied by Zweiback et al. to optimize fusion neutron yields ͓7͔. However, the average kinetic energies ͑KEs͒ of deuterons from explosion of ͑D 2 ͒ N clusters were reported to be in the range of 2.5-7 keV ͓6,7,13-15͔ which are still much lower than the optimal KEs in the range of 40-100 keV for an efficient DD fusion.Last and Jortner proposed a scheme to enhance the deuterons' KEs by using clusters of heteronuclear deuterium containing molecules, e.g., ͑D 2 O͒ N and ͑CD 4 ͒ N ͓9,10,12,16,17͔. For the Coulomb explosion of the heteronuclear clusters, the light deuterons' KEs can be greatly enhanced due to kinematic overrun effect and the energetic boosting caused by the large ionic charge of the heavy ions inside the cluster ͓12,16,17͔. Grillon et al. used deuterated methane clusters ͑CD 4 ͒ N as a novel target in a table-top nuclear fusion experiment, demonstrating a conversion efficiency of about 1 ϫ 10 4 neutrons/ J of incident laser energy ͓11͔. Meanwhile, an independent theoretical work on ͑CD 4 ͒ N made by Last and Jortner predicts that the neutron yields with the heteronuclear clusters are 3.7ϫ 10 5 neutr...

A pulse cleaner based on noncollinear optical-parametric amplification and second-harmonic generation processes is used to improve the contrast of a laser of peak intensity ∼2 × 1019 W/cm2 to ∼1011 at 100 ps before the peak of the main pulse. A 7 MeV proton beam is observed when a 2.5 μm-thick Al foil is irradiated by this high-contrast laser. The maximum proton energy decreases to 2.9 MeV when a low-contrast (∼108) laser is used. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations combined with MULTI simulations show that the maximum proton energy sensitively relies on the detecting direction. The ns-time-scale prepulse can bend a thin target before the main pulse arrives, which reduces maximum proton energy in the target normal sheath acceleration.

Effective confining particles in a finite space region where an accelerating electric field exists are very crucial to maintain an accelerator to be small sized. The mere use of a magnetic field to drive particles back into the accelerating electric field was widely applied in cyclotron but did not well control the size of the whole accelerator. A more effective mechanism of confining particles in the accelerating electric field is studied in detail here.

A double beam image (DBI) technique is coupled in the two-stage accelerating mechanism to simultaneously improve the spectra and maximum energy of the proton beam. A proton beam with a narrow-spectrum center at 5.4 MeV and a long tail up to 14.4 MeV is generated in the experiment. Experimental and simulation results show that spatial collineation, time synchronization, and real-time monitoring are needed for optimum two-stage proton acceleration and are realized by the DBI technique to a certain extent in our experiment. This DBI technique can be used to achieve optimum two-stage acceleration in a feasible manner and will allow precise manipulation of multistage acceleration to improve the energy and spectra of particle beams.

PACS 29.27.-a-Beams in particle accelerators PACS 41.75.Ht-Relativistic electron and positron beams PACS 41.75.Fr-Electron and positron beams Abstract-A scheme for setting up a small-sized table-top level electron storage device is proposed. Insulator pipe, electron reflecting mirrors and loose controlling enable a high-energy beam to be confined effectively along a polygonal, closed, short path. Moreover, self-field can cause a beam to be of a space-time varying shape and a finite real-space volume because the density cannot be negative-valued. This also favors a small-sized storage device.

Summary Dynamic properties of proteins have crucial roles in understanding protein function and molecular mechanism within cells. In this paper, we combined total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy with oblique illumination fluorescence microscopy to observe directly the movement and localization of membrane‐anchored green fluorescence proteins in living cells. Total internal reflect illumination allowed the observation of proteins in the cell membrane of living cells since the penetrate depth could be adjusted to about 80 nm, and oblique illumination allowed the observation of proteins both in the cytoplasm and apical membrane, which made this combination a promising tool to investigate the dynamics of proteins through the whole cell. Not only individual protein molecule tracks have been analyzed quantitatively but also cumulative probability distribution function analysis of ensemble trajectories has been done to reveal the mobility of proteins. Finally, single particle tracking has acted as a compensation for single molecule tracking. All the results exhibited green fluorescence protein dynamics within cytoplasm, on the membrane and from cytoplasm to plasma membrane.