Both adult and juvenile thrips (Thrips tabaci) reared on leeks (Allium ampeloprasum) were very susceptible to the effects of ethyl formate. Complete control was achieved at concentrations as low as 2.7g/m 3 after 2h. Treatment of thripsinfested onions (Allium cepa) with 160 g/m 3 of an aerosol containing 16.7% ethyl formate by weight in carbon dioxide killed nearly all adult thrips immediately after treatment. An assessment 9 days after treatment indicated that eggs had not been killed by the treatment. No residues of ethyl formate were detected in onions collected 1-28 days after treatment following application of two very high dose rates (236 and 756g/m 3 ). Ethyl formate had no effect on skin colour, onion firmness, or incidence of rots, and no visual signs of phytotoxicity were evident on onions treated with concentrations up to 324 g/m 3 . The highest dose of ethyl formate tested on eggs (27 g/m 3 for 2h) in small pieces of leek gave marginally lower nymph counts than the untreated control. Ethyl acetate at rates of 94 and 120 g/m 3 significantly reduced the numbers of emerging nymphs compared with those emerging from an untreated control. This fumigant is a similar compound to ethyl formate but may be less phytotoxic. When ethyl formate is used for disinfestation of heavily infested onions, a second treatment is needed to control the egg stages.
The black pine bark beetle (Hylastes ater) and the burnt pine longhorn beetle (Arhopalus ferus) are major insect pests of Pinus radiata in New Zealand and are currently listed as undesirable on imported P. radiata logs from New Zealand by AQISQ, the Chinese quarantine authorities. Any discoveries of these pests could endanger one of the most important export markets for New Zealand logs. Experiments were carried out to examine the efficacy of the non ozone-depleting fumigant phosphine for eliminating these two pests from P. radiata logs at egg, larva and adult life stages. Direct exposure to phosphine at levels as low as 200 ppm for up to 10 days has disinfested the three life stages of both pests. Phosphine has the potential to control both pests in export logs before they arrive in the other countries and may be a replacement fumigant for the ozonedepleting methyl bromide.
Preventative treatments for control of fungus gnats (Bradysia sp nr paupera Diptera Sciaridae) and shore flies (Scatella tonnoiri Hendel Diptera Ephydridae) were carried out by drenching potted tobacco plants with diflubenzuron and Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis (Bti) The treatments were applied at different rates and times and compared with the use of sand and sawdust toppings to cover the potting mix Diflubenzuron treatments applied at three and nine weekly intervals and Bti applied at weekly intervals gave the lowest numbers of fungus gnats The sand topping for the control of shore flies gave significantly better results than the untreated control
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