Since June 1978, 57 patients with primary osteogenic sarcoma of an extremity were treated with high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) and citrovorum factor rescue (CFR), Adriamycin, and the combination of bleomycin, cyclophosphamide and dactinomycin (BCD) given for 4-16 weeks prior to definitive surgery. Histologic examination of the resected primary tumor determined the effect of preoperative chemotherapy with many primary tumors showing greater than 90% tumor necrosis attributable to preoperative chemotherapy. A l l patients having this favorable effect of chemotherapy on the primary tumor were continued on the same chemotherapy regimen postoperatively (regimen B). However, in those patients not having a good effect of preoperative chemotherapy on the primary tumor, H D M T X with CFR was subsequently deleted from their postoperative chemotherapy and they were placed on a regimen containing cisplatinum at the dose of 120mg/M2 with mannitol diuresis combined with Adriamycin i n addition to BCD (regimen A). In the current study, 35 of the 57 patients did not demonstrate a good effect of chemotherapy on the primary tumor and were assigned to regimen A postoperatively. Of these 35 patients, 32 (91%)) have remained continuously free of recurrent or metastatic disease from 6-34 months following the start of therapy. Among the 22 remaining patients having a good histologic response and treated with regimen B postoperatively, there has been only one relapse in a patient who had a local recurrence in the area of an inadequately resected primary tumor three months after the cessation of chemotherapy. Thus, 53 of 57 patients (93%) are continuously with no evidence of recurrent or metastatic disease from 6-35 months (median, 20 months) from the start of treatment. This study demonstrates the value of thorough histologic examination in predicting survival i n responding patients and i n helping identify patients whose disease-free survival rate can be substantially increased if they are given alternative postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy after failing to have a good response to preoperative chemotherapy. This individualized chemotherapeutic strategy has yielded the highest disease free survival raw reported to date for osteogenic sarcoma.

Risk-adapted individualisation of treatment led to a reduction of chemotherapy in the low and standard risk group without compromising survival. The outcome of RME and RMA was similar in this cohort of patients. These preliminary results after a median observation time of 2.5 years confirm the CWS 96 strategy.

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Kidney-sparing procedures remain the operative approach of choice in patients with bilateral WT, but bear the risk of chronic renal failure when one kidney has to be removed. PN in children with unilateral WT, carried out by an experienced surgeon, is a reasonable alternative to nephrectomy if strict guidelines such as excellent tumor response to preoperative chemotherapy and easy resectability far away from the tumor margins through healthy kidney tissue are followed. Paraaortic lymph nodes must be free of tumor invasion in order to avoid local radiotherapy. PN prevents the patient from having to have dialysis in cases of contralateral nephrectomy resulting from metachronous WT or subsequent renal trauma.

A 3 and 1/2-yr-old boy underwent matched unrelated stem cell transplantation (SCT) for hyper-IgM syndrome. He developed acute and chronic skin graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD). Ten months following SCT he presented with severe hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia (Evans' syndrome). Treatment included high-dose steroids, intravenous immunoglobulins, cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, chemotherapeutic agents (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, VP-16), immunoadsorption, and anti-CD20 and anti-CD52 monoclonal antibodies without response. The patient died 16 months after SCT.

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Five Patients with evaluable malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) of bone (three with primary tumor and two with primary tumor and metastatic disease) were treated with preoperative chemotherapy including high dose methotrexate (HDMTX) with citrovorum factor rescue (CFR) as is used for patients with osteogenic sarcoma. All five patients demonstrated a clinical response to chemotherapy. Three of four patients who underwent surgery had complete responses and one patient had greater than 90% tumor necrosis as documented by histologic examination of the resected primary tumor. All four patients who underwent surgery following preoperative chemotherapy are surviving free of disease from one to six years from the start of treatment; chemotherapy was discontinued after six to 11 months in these patients. The median disease‐free survival time is 31.5 months. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of chemotherapy in MFH of bone, and in particular the effectiveness of HDMTX with CFR which caused measurable responses in all patients while receiving this therapy as a single agent.

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