Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the moderating effect of media pressure on external directors in relation to disclosure of information on corporate social responsibility (CSR). Design/methodology/approach – The paper adopts a multilevel approach, integrating the institutional, organisational and individual levels of analysis in a whole model that explains corporate transparency. The paper uses a sample composed of 98 non-financial listed Spanish companies for the period 2004-2010, Findings – The results show heterogeneity between external board members. Proprietary directors, representing shareholders, tend to promote adoption of the Global Reporting Initiative guidelines in order to increase value for shareholders. On the contrary, independent directors are risk adverse in relation to the effect that CSR information disclosure could have on their professional reputations. Research limitations/implications – The sample could be improved, including companies from different countries and more years for the analysis, since the period studied comprises a particular economic setting (2008-2010), a global financial crisis. Practical implications – Although these results from the Spanish context, the authors recommend that regulatory bodies incorporate provisions into good governance codes that guarantee the existence of quality and comparable CSR information that favours stakeholders’ decision taking. Originality/value – The image that society has about a company comes from the opinions created from the mass media. The arguments proposed by agenda-setting theory can be managed by companies as a strategic mechanism to respond to society expectations. At present, two of the most studied aspects are the ethical and sustainable behaviours of organisations. These aspects are related to the characteristics of boards of directors, especially to external directors. Independent directors may disagree with disclosing information about CSR practices because they fear that this information would affect their professional reputations, since they are not specialised in these topics. However, proprietary directors favour the disclosure of this information in an attempt to reduce the cost of capital and risk perceived by investors, especially in more sustainable companies.
ResumenLa aportación de este estudio es la aproximación multidimensional sobre patrones de consumo de drogas en jóvenes. Los datos provienen del estudio "Factores que inciden en el consumo de drogas, población juvenil. Región Central de Occidente" de Costa Rica, 2006. Con base en los resultados obtenidos con un modelo de clases latentes, se establecen 8 subgrupos de individuos según el consumo de las diferentes drogas. AbstractThe contribution of this study is the multidimensional approach on patterns of drug use among young people. The data come from the study "Factors that influence the consumption of drugs, juvenile population. Central region of the West" from Costa Rica, 2006. On the basis of the results obtained with a latent class model, 8 subgroups of individuals settle down according to the consumption of different drugs. IntroducciónEn la sociedad costarricense desde muy corta edad se da un alto consumo de las llamadas drogas lícitas, como es el caso del alcohol y el tabaco. No es de sorprender que la adolescencia sea laépoca más frecuente de experimentación con las drogas. Estas drogas se consideran drogas dë entrada¨pues en muchos casos su consumo puede conducir en algún momento al uso de drogas ilícitas como la marihuana, la cocaína, etc. La edad promedio de inicio de consumo es de 13 años para el alcohol y de 13,3 años para el tabaco [16].En el contexto nacional se presentan ciertos factores o circunstancias que universalmente se han establecido como favorecedores del consumo de drogas. Entre ellos, se pueden destacar la comunicación deficitaria entre padres e hijos, diversos tipos de carencias afectivas, y un clima social que no favorece el crecimiento personal, con falta de independencia y de capacidad para afrontar problemas personales, generándose por consiguiente una clara y directa relación entre consumo de drogas, bajo rendimiento académico, alto grado de ausentismo escolar, deserción, bajosíndices de actividades extracurriculares y escasas aspiraciones educativas [11]. En este sentido, los centros escolares son el marco idóneo para el estudio de estos hábitos, como para poner en marcha programas de costumbres saludables y prevención de drogodependencias.análisis de clases latentes
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