Postpartum dietary supplementation of gluconeogenic precursors may improve the plasma metabolite profile of dairy cows, reducing metabolic disorders and improving lactation performance. The objective of this trial was to examine the effects of supplementation with fermented ammoniated condensed whey (FACW) postpartum on lactation performance and on profile of plasma metabolites and hormones in transition dairy cows. Individually fed multiparous Holstein cows were blocked by calving date and randomly assigned to control (2.9% dry matter of diet as soybean meal; n = 20) or FACW (2.9% dry matter of diet as liquid Gluco-Boost, Fermented Nutrition, Luxemburg, WI; n = 19) dietary treatments. Treatments were offered from 1 to 45 d in milk (DIM). Cows were milked twice a day. Dry matter intake and milk yield were recorded daily and averaged weekly. Individual milk samples from 2 consecutive milkings were obtained once a week for component analysis. Rumen fluid was collected (n = 3 cows/ treatment) at 4 time points per day at 7 and 21 DIM. Blood samples were collected within 1 h before feeding time for metabolite analysis and hyperketonemia diagnosis. Supplementation of FACW improved feed efficiency relative to control; this effect may be partially explained by a marginally significant reduction in dry matter intake from wk 3 to 7 for FACW-supplemented cows with no detected FACW-driven changes in milk yield, milk protein yield, and milk energy output compared with control. Also, there was no evidence for differences in intake of net energy for lactation, efficiency of energy use, energy balance, or body weight or body condition score change from calving to 45 DIM between treatments. Supplementation of FACW shifted rumen measures toward greater molar proportions of propionate and butyrate, and lesser molar proportions of acetate and valerate. Cows supplemented with FACW had greater plasma glucose concentrations in the period from 3 to 7 DIM and greater plasma insulin concentrations compared with control. Plasma nonesterified fatty acid and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were decreased in cows supplemented with FACW compared with control cows in the period from 3 to 7 DIM. These findings indicate that FACW may have improved the plasma metabolite profile immediately postpartum in dairy cows. Additionally, supplementation of FACW resulted in improved feed efficiency as accessed by measures of milk output relative to feed intake.

Subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) affects many highproducing dairy cows in the postpartum period. Recent work has shown that cows experiencing prolonged or delayed SCH are at increased risk for disease and produce less milk than cows experiencing a transient reduction in or normal concentrations of plasma Ca following parturition. Our objective was to determine the association between different postpartum SCH dynamics with preand postpartum dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, and blood mineral concentrations. Data were retrospectively collected from multiparous Holstein cows (n = 78), and cows were classified into 1 of 4 SCH groups based on mean blood total Ca (tCa) concentrations at 1 and 4 d in milk (DIM): normocalcemic (NC; [tCa] >1.

Our previously published paper demonstrated that fermented ammoniated condensed whey (FACW) supplementation improved feed efficiency and metabolic profile in postpartum dairy cows. The objective of this study was to further explore the effects of FACW supplementation on liver triglyceride content, hepatic gene expression and protein abundance, and plasma biomarkers related to liver function, inflammation, and damage. Individually fed multiparous Holstein cows were blocked by calving date and randomly assigned to postpartum (1 to 45 d in milk, DIM) isonitrogenous treatments: control diet (n = 20) or diet supplemented with FACW (2.9% dry matter of diet as GlucoBoost; Fermented Nutrition, Luxemburg, WI, replacing soybean meal; n = 19). Liver biopsies were performed at 14 and 28 DIM for analysis of mRNA expression, protein abundance, and liver triglyceride content. There was marginal evidence for a reduction in liver triglyceride content at 14 DIM in FACW-supplemented cows compared with the control group. Cows supplemented with FACW had greater mRNA expression of glucose-6-phosphatase at 14 DIM relative to control. Supplementation with FACW increased mRNA expression of pyruvate carboxylase (PC), but did not alter cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1), resulting in a 2.4-fold greater PC: PCK1 ratio for FACWsupplemented cows compared with control. There was no evidence for a FACW effect on mRNA expression of propionyl-CoA carboxylase nor on mRNA expression or protein abundance of lactate dehydrogenase A or B. Cows supplemented with FACW had lower plasma urea nitrogen compared with control. Plasma l-lactate was greater for FACW-supplemented cows compared with control at 2 h before feeding time at 21 DIM.There was no evidence for altered expression of IL1B or IL10, or blood biomarkers related to liver function and damage. Greater glucose-6-phosphatase and PC gene expression, together with greater blood glucose and similar milk lactose output, suggests that FACW increased the supply of glucose precursors, resulting in greater gluconeogenesis between 3 and 14 DIM. Greater hepatic PC: PCK1 ratio, together with previously reported decreased plasma β-hydroxybutyrate and the marginal evidence for lower liver triglyceride content at 14 DIM, suggests greater hepatic capacity for complete oxidation of fatty acids in FACW-supplemented cows compared with control. Overall, improvements in metabolite profile and feed efficiency observed with postpartum supplementation of FACW may be attributed to increased gluconeogenic and anaplerotic precursors, most likely propionate, due to modulated rumen fermentation.

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