Pigs weaned at 21 d of age (n = 72) were fed a 20% CP corn-soybean meal-based diet (control) with 1.5% fumaric or 1.5% citric acid added to observe the effect of these acids on the pH, chloride ion concentration (Cl-), VFA profile, and microflora population in the stomach, jejunum, cecum, and lower colon contents at -2, 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 d postweaning. Feeding organic acids had no appreciable effect (P greater than .10) on stomach jejunum, cecum, or lower colon pH, Cl-, VFA profile, or microflora populations, except for increasing the concentration of fumaric acid in the stomachs of pigs fed fumaric acid. The pH of the gastrointestinal tract generally decreased from -2 to 21 d postweaning with no corresponding change in Cl- over time. No age effects on total anaerobic culture counts were observed except in the stomach, where counts decreased from -2 to 3 d postweaning. Clostridia counts generally decreased after weaning in all intestinal sections. Lactobacillus counts were usually lower at d 0 and 3 and greatest at d 7 postweaning in the stomach, jejunum, and lower colon, but no age effect was observed for concentration of cecum lactobacilli. Escherichia coli counts generally increased after weaning to 3 and 7 d postweaning. Intestinal content measurements were affected by postweaning age but were not affected by feeding organic acids.

Four trials were conducted to characterize the consumption of creep feed by nursing pigs and the effects of creep feeding (from 10 d to weaning at 28 d) on the immune response, scouring index and subsequent performance of weanling pigs. Pigs were fed a ground 20% CP corn-soybean meal-whey diet with 1.0% chromic oxide (control, 9 litters), this diet with 2.7% ovalbumin added as a dietary antigen (ovalbumin, 14 litters), or no creep feed (unexposed, 11 litters). At weaning, pigs within a litter were fed a 20% CP corn-soybean meal diet either with or without 2.7% ovalbumin. Creep-fed litters began eating at 11 d of age and disappearance of creep feed increased linearly until weaning (P less than .01). However, based on the chronic oxide coloring of the feces, total creep feed consumption was quite variable from pig to pig (13 to 194 g) and from litter to litter (107 to 1,550 g). Preweaning daily gain was similar between creep-fed and noncreep-fed litters; larger litters generally had lower daily gains (P less than .09) and less feed disappearance per pig (P less than .02). Weekly blood sampling showed that pigs fed the antigen diet had a higher (P less than .001) antibody titer to ovalbumin at 14, 21 and 28 d of age than did pigs fed the control diet or pigs unexposed to creep feed. At 56 and 63 d of age, all pigs given an ovalbumin injection at 49 d (1 ml containing 3 mg of ovalbumin) had responded (P less than .001) to injection, with the lowest titers for pigs fed the control creep diet and the highest titers for pigs fed the ovalbumin creep diet; titers were intermediate for pigs not fed creep. Regardless of preweaning or postweaning treatment, most pigs began scouring 4 to 5 d postweaning; scouring peaked at d 10 and returned to normal after d 15. Although the magnitude of difference was small, creep-fed pigs tended to scour more than pigs not fed creep (P less than .01). Postweaning performance was not influenced by preweaning treatments.

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Twelve crossbred barrows (initial BW of 59.7 kg) were used in nutrient balance trials to investigate the influence of adding two Bacillus products (Biomate 2B and Pelletmate Livestock, Chr. Hansen's Biosytems) to a 14% CP corn-soybean meal diet (.64% lysine, .6% Ca and .5% P). A 3 x 3 Latin-square design with an extra period was used. Treatments were as follows: 1) basal diet; 2) basal + Biomate 2B (BAC1); and 3) basal + Pelletmate Livestock (BAC2). After a 7-d adaptation to metabolism crates, each 10-d period consisted of 5 d of diet adjustment followed by 4 d of total collection and 1 d for change-over. Both BAC1 and BAC2 were added at a level of .05% to supply approximately 3 million colony forming units per gram of diet. Pigs were fed twice daily at a daily rate of 3.2 to 3.5% of BW. Feeding BAC1 or BAC2 elevated (P < .001) fecal Bacillus spore counts at the end of each collection period, but the effect on number of coliforms and lactic acid bacteria was not as consistent; coliform counts tended to be decreased (P < .10) when BAC2 was fed, but not (P > .10) when BAC1 was fed. The number of lactic acid bacteria was increased (P < .05) when BAC1 was fed, but not (P > .10) when BAC2 was fed. Body weights were similar among all treatments for all periods. There was no carry-over or pretreatment effect (P = .50). Digestibility coefficients of DM, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ash, and N and retention of N were not affected (P = .40) by feeding Bacillus products.

. 1993. Effect of feeding organic acids on gastrointestinal digesta measurements at various times postweaning inpigschallengedwithenterotoxigenicEscherichincoli.Can. J. Anim. Sci.73: 931-940.InStudy 1, pigs (n : 54) weaned at2l -l 2 dwere fed. a20% CP corn-soybean meal based diet only (control) or with l.5 % fumaric or 15% citric acid. One half of the pigs on each treatment were orally challenged on days 3,7 or 14 postweaning with 1010 E. coli (0157:K88+) to observe the effects on scouring and on intestinal digesta pH, Cl-concentration, VFA and non-volatile acid profiles, and microflora concentrations in the stomach, jejunum, cecum and lower colon when pigs were necropsied 5, 9 or 16 d postweaning. The E. coli challenge increased (P < 0.05) the severity of scouring. Organic acids had no appreciable effects on severity of scouring and intestinal measurements except for fumaric and succinicacidconcentrationswhichweregreaterinthestomach(P<0.001)andjejunum(P<0.05)of pigs fed fumaric acid. The E. coli challenge had no significant effect on pH, Cl concentration, and lactobacillus or E. coli concentrations, but did increase (P < 0.05) the concentration of lactic acid in the jejunum, and total VFA in the lower colon. From days 5 to 16 postweaning, pH decreased (P < 0.002) in the cecum, Cl concentration increased (P < 0.03) in the jejunum, lactobacillus counts decreased (P < 0.001) in thejejunum and increased (P < 0.004) in the lower co\on, and E. coli counts decreased in the jejunum (P < 0.07), cecum (P < 0.02) and lower colon (P < 0.001). In Study 2, pigs (n : 96) weaned at2l -t 2 d were similarly fed organic acids as in Study 1

One hundred and twenty-eight finishing pigs (113 lb average initial body wt) were used to determine the effects of adding cellulase enzyme and Bacillus bacteria to sorghum-based diets on growth performance, carcass merit, and nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs. Treatments were: 1) corn-soybean meal-based positive control; 2) sorghum-soybean meal-based negative control; 3) Diet 2 with cellulase; and 4) Diet 2 with a bacterial feed additive (i.e., a mixture of Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus pumilus). There was a trend for greater average daily gain in pigs fed corn vs the sorghum treatments from d 0 to 28, but there was no effect of treatment on overall average daily gain (i.e., d 0 to 63). Overall feed consumption was not affected by treatment, but pigs fed the corn-based diet had 3% greater efficiency of gain compared to pigs fed the sorghum diets. Dressing percentage was not affected by treatment, but there was a trend for fat thickness at the last rib to be greater for pigs fed corn vs the sorghum treatments. Pigs fed corn had greater apparent digestibilities of dry matter, nitrogen, and gross energy than pigs fed the sorghum treatments. In conclusion, pigs fed the cornbased control diet had greater growth performance but tended to be fatter than pigs fed sorghum. Adding cellulase and the bacterial feed additive did not affect growth performance, carcass merit, or nutrient utilization in finishing pigs.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS,

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