Flavonoids include a huge group of naturally occurring organic compounds. It is found in a large variety of plants including fruits, seeds, grains, tea vegetables, nuts, and wine. Many studies have shown that there is a strong association between flavonoid intake and the long-term effects on mortality. It is widely used in dentistry and it has many clinical effects. This article summarizes the effects of flavonoids to humankind and its clinical applications in dentistry.

Forensic dentistry or forensic odontology admits dentists’ participation or identification of the victim and assisting legal and criminal issues. It refers to the proper handling, examination, identification and evaluation of dental evidence. This article summarizes the evolution of forensic odontology that started right from Garden of Eden to the modern scenario in identification of the gang rape case which happened in the state capital. Forensic dentistry plays a significant role in identifying the victims of crime, deceased individuals through the examination of anatomical structures, dental appliances and dental restorations.

Summary. -Th e reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is used for the diff erentiation of classical virulent (cv), virulent (v) and very virulent (vv) strains of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) isolates from chicken bursal tissues in southern states of India. In the present study, six diff erent isolates (MB11, HY12, PY12, BGE14, VCN14 and NKL14) of IBDV strains were subjected for genotyping along with vaccine virus (Georgia, intermediate strain) using RT-PCR for amplifi cation of a 743 bp sequence in the hypervariable region of VP2 gene followed by restriction enzyme digestion with 5 diff erent restriction enzymes (BspMI, SacI, HhaI, StuI and SspI). Th e RT-PCR products obtained from vvIBDV strains were digested by SspI enzyme except PY12, BGE14 and MB11 isolates. Th e SacI digested the isolate MB11, PY12 and the vaccine strain, but it did not cleave the very virulent isolates of IBDV. HhaI cleaved all the isolates with diff erent restriction profi le patterns. StuI digested all the vvIBDV isolates and BspMI was not able to diff erentiate fi eld isolates from vaccine strain. Th ough RT-PCR combined with RFLP is a genotypic method, further confi rmation of serotypes to distinguish the vvIBDV from cvIBDV has to be carried out using pathogenicity studies.Keywords: infectious bursal disease virus; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; restriction fragment length polymorphism; VP2 gene; genotyping * Corresponding author. E-mail: tmaskumar@yahoo.com, tmaskumar@tanuvas.org.in; phone: +91-44-25369301. Abbreviations: RT-PCR = reverse transcription PCR; RFLP = restriction fragment length polymorphism; cvIBDV = classical virulent infectious bursal disease virus; vvIBDV = very virulent infectious bursal disease virus

Infectious bursal disease virus is an avian pathogen that causes huge morbidity and mortality in the poultry sector all over the world. Here, we report the full-length genome sequence of an Indian strain, MB11/ABT/MVC/2016, isolated from a commercial broiler flock. This is a first report of a complete genome sequence of infectious bursal disease virus from India.

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Oral leukoplakia is one of the most common potentially malignant disorders. Right diagnosis of potentially malignant disorders may help to prevent these lesions from malignant transformation. Proper understanding, recognizing, identification and differentiating these lesions from normal mucosa are necessary for proper treatment.

Oral ulcers are diverse in number. Recurrent aphthous ulceration is the most common form of painful ulcerations in oral cavity. The diagnosis is well defined but the etiology and pathogenesis remains unclear. It is common condition affecting 20% of general population. This review article provides the exact etiology, diagnosis, criteria and treatment of RAS.

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