The focus of this investigation was on adduct formation, and its consequences, between organotin(IV) Lewis acids and the tetradentate salicylaldimine ligands H 2 3-MeOsalen [N,N′bis(3-methoxysalicylidine)1,2-ethane diamine] and H 2 3-MeOsalbiphen [N,N′-bis(3-methoxysalicylidine)2,2′-biphenyl diamine]. SnBu n 2 Cl 2 reacted with H 2 3-MeOsalen to give a 1/1 adduct, A, containing a dangling salicylaldimine ligand but failed to yield a solid state adduct with H 2 3-MeOsalbiphen, even though it exists in dynamic equilibrium with the latter ligand in solution. The stronger Lewis acids SnPh 2 Cl 2 and SnBu n Cl 3 yielded 2/1 solid state adducts D and E, respectively, with H 2 3-MeOsalbiphen in each of which the ligand bridges to sixcoordinated tin centers and donor bonds are via phenolic and methoxy oxygen atoms. SnBu n 2 -(NCS) 2 reacted with H 2 3-MeOsalen to give an adduct, B, having a solid state ionic structure of formulation. The cation of B displays both bridging and dangling ligands and seven-coordinated tin. The ionic structure gives way to a nonionic symmetric cyclic trimeric structure of formulation [SnBu n 2 -(NCS) 2 (µ-H 2 3-MeOsalen)] 3 in solution. The latter reacted with NaCl and SnBu n 2 Cl 2 to yield a new adduct, C, which in the solid state has an the ionic formulation [SnBu n 2 Cl(µ-H 2 3-MeOsalen)] 2 [SnBu n 2 (NCS) 4 ], the cation of which has a centrosymmetric structure and sevencoordinated tin. The solid state ionic structure of C is not retained in solution. Crystallographic data are also reported for the free ligands H 2 3-MeOsalen and H 2 3-MeOsalbiphen (two crystal modifications of the latter were identified). The structural data clearly identify that donor bond formation through the salicylaldimine phenolic oxygen has the concomitant effect of phenolic hydrogen transfer to the imine nitrogen, a process that accounts for the imine hydrolysis which frequently occurs when the salicylaldimine ligands react with Lewis acids. Salicylaldehyde does not assume a zwitterionic form in its 1/1 adduct, F, with SnMe 2 -Cl 2 (the structure of this adduct was reinvestigated in the present study), and consequently the role of the phenolic oxygen is reduced to that of a very weak donor, participating merely in secondary bonding.
Binary diffusion coefficients were measured for several solutes in very dilute solutions of hexane and carbon tetrachloride. When the product of diffusion Coefficient and viscosity is correlated with mole fraction are very nearly superimposed.
In any case, independently of this revision, the association sequence found in the present work for the alkali perchlorates can be explained by taking into account the effect of solvation on ion pairing.11,27-29 If we consider, in fact, the extreme alkali perchlorates, the following considerations may be made. Sodium, as well as lithium ions, on account of their small radii and high charge densities, strongly orientate the water molecules. Due to the sheath of solvent molecules around the ions, ion pairing almost should not occur for them. The largest cesium cation, on the other hand, is almost un-able to orientate the water molecules and must be considered as a bare ion in aqueous solution. Cesium perchlorate should be, therefore, much more associated in wTater than the other alkali perchlorates.
This study aimed to examine potential risk and protective factors for binge drinking among a cohort of 15-16-year-old adolescents in the West of Ireland. This study was a cross-sectional secondary analysis of 4,473 15-16-year-olds who participated in the 2020 Planet Youth survey. Binge drinking was defined as ever consumption of five or more drinks in a two-hour period or less. Data were analysed using SPSS version 27. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine independent associations between potential risk and protective factors and binge drinking. A p-value of < 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. The prevalence of binge drinking among participants was 34.1%. Female gender (aOR 0.55, 95% CI 0.46-0.67, p < 0.001) and non-White ethnicity (aOR 0.49, 95% CI 0.31-0.77, p = 0.002) were associated with reduced odds of ever binge drinking. Self-rated ‘bad/very bad’ mental health (aOR 1.61, 95% CI 1.26-2.06, p < 0.001), current cigarette use (aOR 4.06, 95% CI 3.01-5.47, p < 0.001) and current cannabis use (aOR 2.79, 95% CI 1.80-4.31, p < 0.001) were associated with increased odds of ever binge drinking. Parental supervision (aOR 0.80, 95% CI 0.73-0.88, p < 0.001) and negative parental reaction to adolescent drunkenness (aOR 0.51, 95% CI 0.42-0.61, p < 0.001) reduced the odds of ever binge drinking among participants. Getting alcohol from parents was associated with increased odds of ever binge drinking (aOR 1.79, 95% CI 1.42-2.25, p < 0.001). Adolescents with friends who drink alcohol had almost 5 times higher odds of ever binge drinking (aOR 4.59, 95% CI 2.65-7.94, p < 0.001). Participating in team sports was also associated with increased odds of ever binge drinking (aOR 1.30, 95% CI 1.07-1.57, p = 0.008 for 1-4 times/week, aOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.07-2.16, p = 0.020 for ≥5 times/week). This study highlights key influences of adolescents’ social environment on their binge drinking, and a need for renewed public health efforts to protect adolescents from alcohol-related harm. Key messages • This study identified a high prevalence of ever binge drinking among adolescents in the West of Ireland - this is highly concerning as adolescents are vulnerable to alcohol-related harm. • This study identified factors in the social environment of adolescents associated with binge drinking. This can inform public health action to protect adolescents from alcohol-related harm.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.