Background: Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) has caused disease in domestic ruminants in several countries of northern Europe since 2006. In 2008 a mass-vaccination program was launched in most affected countries using whole virus inactivated vaccines.Objective: To evaluate 2 inactivated vaccines (Bovilis BTV 8; BTVPUR AlSap8) for immunogenicity and safety against BTV-8 in South American camelids (SAC) in a field trial.Animals: Forty-two SAC (25 Alpacas, 17 Llamas) aged between 1 and 16 years. Methods: The animals were vaccinated twice at intervals of 21 days. They were observed clinically for adverse local, systemic, or both reactions throughout the trial. Blood samples collected on days 0, 14, 21, 43, and 156 after vaccination were tested for the presence of BTV-8 virus by real time-polymerase chain reaction and of specific antibodies by competitive ELISA and a serum neutralization test.Results: All vaccinated animals developed antibodies to BTV-8 after the 2nd administration of the vaccine. No adverse effects were observed except for moderate local swellings at the injection site, which disappeared within 21 days. Slightly increased body temperatures were only observed in the first 2 days after vaccination. The BTV was not detected in any of the samples analyzed.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The administration of the 2 inactivated commercial vaccines was safe and induced seroconversion against BTV-8 in all vaccinated animals. The results of this study suggest that 2 doses injected 3 weeks apart is a suitable vaccination regimen for SAC.
Background: Outbreak of bluetongue virus serotype-8 (BTV-8) infection in domestic ruminants in Northern Europe. Objective: To investigate the South American camelids' (SAC) susceptibility to BTV-8 infection, their role in the epidemiology of the disease, and the use of currently available serological screening tests in SAC in an endemic region.Animals: Three hundred and fifty-four unvaccinated and 27 vaccinated SAC (170 llamas, 201 alpacas), ranging in age from 1 month to 17 years between June and August 2008. The SAC originated from 44 herds throughout the country, representing 10% of the Swiss SAC population.Methods: Prospective, observational study of a convenience sample of SAC. Serum samples were analyzed with 2 serological screening tests. When results diverged, a 3rd ELISA was carried out for confirmation (ID Screen Bluetongue Competition ELISA kit).Results: All sera from the 354 unvaccinated animals were negative in the endemic region. Reliable seroconversion was observed after administration of 2 doses of vaccine.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: This study suggests a low susceptibility of SAC to BTV-8 despite the presence of the virus in the cattle and small ruminant population, indicating that SAC do not play a major role in the epidemiology of BTV-8. Furthermore, these results indicate that commercially available serological tests for BTV-8 can be used in SAC.
The aim of this study was the search for persistently infected (PI) New World camelids 13 (NWC) as a possible source of Bovine Virus Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) infection for other 14 NWC or cattle in Switzerland, where an eradication programm for BVDV has been 15 implemented. Different organs from 166 animals and 101 sera from different parts of 16 Switzerland were tested for BVDV antigen by means of immunohistochemistry and 17 HerdChek*BVDV Ag/Serum Plus. None of the organs and sera was found to be 18 positive for antigen. 19 Up until now, PI NWC are infected mainly by BVDV genotype 1b. In Switzerland most 20 PI cattle harbor the subgroup BVDV-1e, followed by 1h, 1k and 1b. The subgroup 21 BVDV-1b is found in less than 10% of the cattle cases. Therefore, assuming that 22 NWC are more prone for a persistent infection with the subgroup 1b, it could be 23 hypothesized that the infection rate of NWC is lower than in other countries because 24 of a lower circulating level of this type in ruminants in Switzerland. We conclude that 25 NWC are a negligible thread to the eradication efforts for BVD in Switzerland.
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