We report the evaluation of the floral origin of honey by analysis of its volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile, joined with the use of combined pattern recognition techniques. Honey samples, from five floral origins, were analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, selecting 35 VOCs out of the entire profiles, which were analyzed by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA), and K-nearest-neighbor (KNN). Both HCA and SDA were used as exploratory tools to select a group of VOCs representing similitude and differences among studied origins. Thus, six out of 35 VOCs were selected, verifying their discriminating power by KNN, which afforded 93% correct classification. Therefore, we drastically reduced the amount of compounds under consideration but kept a good differentiation between floral origins. Selected compounds were identified as octanal, benzeneacetaldehyde, 1-octanol, 2-methoxyphenol, nonanal, and 2-H-1-benzopyran-2-one. The analysis of VOC profiles, coupled to HCA, SDA, and KNN, provides a feasible alternative to evaluate the botanical source of honey.
We report on the development of a novel alternative method for the assessment of floral origin in honey samples based on the study of honey proteins using immunoblot assays. The main goal of our work was to evaluate the use of honey proteins as chemical markers of the floral origin of honey. Considering that honeybee proteins should be common to all types of honey, we decided to verify the usefulness of pollen proteins as floral origin markers in honey. We used polyclonal anti-pollen antibodies raised in rabbits by repeated immunization of Sunflower (Elianthus annuus) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.) pollen extracts. The IgG fraction was purified by immunoaffinity. These antibodies were verified with nitrocellulose blotted pollen and unifloral honey protein extracts. The antibodies anti-Sunflower pollen, bound to the 36 and 33 kDa proteins of Sunflower unifloral honey and to honey containing Sunflower pollen; and the antibodies anti-Eucalyptus sp. pollen bound to the 38 kDa proteins of Eucalyptus sp. unifloral honey in immunoblot assays. Satisfactory results were obtained in differentiating between the types of pollen analyzed and between Sunflower honey and Eucalyptus honey with less cross reactivity with other types of honey from different origin and also with good sensitivity in the detection. This immunoblot method opens an interesting field for the development of new antibodies from different plants, which could serve as an alternative or complementary method to the usual melissopalynological analysis to assess honey floral origin.
Olive pomace management represents a great concern to the olive oil industry. This work focused on the development of a “zero waste” strategy for olive pomace based on a fractionation approach resulting in the obtention of different value-added fractions. The physicochemical composition of edible fractions obtained (liquid and pulp) was analysed. The potential use as a solid biofuel of the non-edible fraction (stones) was evaluated. High amounts of hydroxytyrosol (513.61–625.76 mg/100 g dry weight) were present in the liquid fraction. Pulp fraction was demonstrated to be a good source of fibre (53–59% dry weight) with considerable antioxidant activity both from free and bound phenolics. The stones fraction exhibited substantial high heating values (18.65–18.94 megajoule (MJ/kg). All these results support the added value of the olive pomace fractions combining the biofuel potential from the stones fraction and the functional food ingredients’ potential both from liquid and pulp fractions. The present methodology seems to be a feasible whole valorisation approach to achieve the circularity in the olive oil sector, prioritising obtaining high over low added-value products.
O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar alterações bioquímicas e fisiológicas decorrentes da pré-hidratação de sementes de ervilha, com ênfase à lixiviação de eletrólitos. Foram utilizados lotes de sementes de ervilha, cultivares Axé e Maria, caracterizados quanto ao teor de água, geminação, primeira contagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica e emergência de plântulas em campo. As sementes de cada lote foram pré-hidratadas empregando atmosfera saturada e substrato umedecido, até atingirem teores de água de 10, 12 e 14%. Após a pré-hidratação, as sementes foram avaliadas pelos testes de condutividade elétrica e lixiviação de cálcio, potássio e magnésio. A pré-hidratação de sementes de ervilha empregando atmosfera saturada ou substrato umedecido afeta diferentemente o processo de reestruturação do sistema de membranas celulares das sementes, refletindo-se em alterações no padrão de lixiviação de eletrólitos. Discrepâncias são observadas entre resultados obtidos pelo teste de condutividade elétrica para avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de ervilha, dependendo do procedimento adotado para a pré-hidratação das sementes.
O presente trabalho comparou diferentes testes para a avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de brássicas, com ênfase no teste de envelhecimento acelerado (TEA). Foram utilizados quatro lotes de sementes de repolho, cultivar Coração de Boi, quatro de sementes de couve-brócolis, cultivar Piracicaba Precoce, e cinco de sementes de couve, cultivar Georgia. Foram realizados os testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, emergência de plântulas, condutividade elétrica e envelhecimento acelerado. Neste, foram empregados três procedimentos: tradicional (água), solução saturada (40 g 100 mL-1) e solução diluída (11 g 100 mL-1) de NaCl, a 42°C, por períodos de 48, 72 e 96 horas. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições e análises isoladas para cada teste. Os testes de primeira contagem de germinação e velocidade de emergência de plântulas apresentaram potencial para avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de repolho e couve-brócolis. Já para sementes de couve, os testes de emergência de plântulas e condutividade elétrica foram os mais eficientes. TEA também foi eficiente na avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de brássicas. Para repolho, a melhor distinção entre o potencial fisiológico das sementes através do TEA aconteceu seguindo o procedimento tradicional e empregando solução diluída de NaCl, ambos por 48 e 72 horas, e solução saturada de NaCl por 72 e 96 horas. Para couve-brócolis, todas as variações do TEA testadas foram eficientes na identificação dos lotes de semente de qualidade superior. Já para couve, os melhores resultados foram obtidos aplicando TEA na metodologia tradicional por 96 horas e solução diluída por 72 horas. Observou-se ainda que, em comparação com o uso de água, a utilização de solução salina no TEA inibiu sensivelmente o crescimento e desenvolvimento de fungos.
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