A short description is given of 19 laboratory, 12 semi‐field and 5 field methods to test the side‐effects of pesticides on beneficial organisms. The methods were developed according to standard guidelines by members of the Working Group ‘Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms’ of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC), West Palaearctic Regional Section (WPRS); 28 members in nine countries participated and the beneficial organisms (natural enemies of insects and mites) included: 6 Hymenoptera, 4 Coleoptera, 2 Diptera, 1 Neuroptera, 1 Heteroptera, 3 Acari, 1 Aranea, 1 entomopathogenic fungus (Hyphomycetes). There is agreement that a combination of laboratory, semi‐field and field tests is needed to show the side‐effects of pesticides on beneficial organisms and that the beneficials chosen for the test should be relevant to the crop on which the pesticide is to be used.

Results are presented of laboratory, semi‐field and field tests to assess the side effects of pesticides on beneficial organisms obtained during the third testing programme of the Working Group “Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms” of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC), West Palaearctic Regional Section (WPRS). The programme included 22 pesticides, 19 beneficial organisms, and was carried out by 19 group members in 9 European countries. Beside the results of the third testing programme, data on the side effects of 62 pesticides tested in all three joint programmes carried out between 1977 and 1985 are summarized in 7 different croporientated tables. These tables include beneficial organisms that are relevant to, and pesticides that are used on (a) vegetable crops (especially Brassica spp.), (b) glasshouse crops, (c) top fruit, (d) cereals, (e) root and forage crops (sugar‐beet, potato, rape, corn), (f) vine and (g) forestry. Among the 62 pesticides tested, the following 25 compounds were of limited persistence and/or were relatively less toxic to the natural enemies tested: Dipel (Bacillus thuringiensis), Torque (fenbutatin oxide, AAzomate (benzoximate), Dimilin (diflubenzuron), Tedion V 18 (tetradifon), Kelthane (dicofol), Spruzit‐Nova‐flüssig (pyrethrum + piperonylbutoxide), Pirimor‐Granulat (pirimicarb), Nimrod (bupirimate), Bayleton (triadimefon), Ronilan (vinclozolin), Orthocid 83 (captan), Cercobin‐M (thiophanat‐methyl), Ortho Difolatan (captafol), Derosal (carbendazim), Daconil 500 (chlorothalonil), Plondrel (ditalimfos), Pomarsol forte (thiram), Dithane Ultra (mancozeb), Illoxan (diclofop‐methyl), Semeron (desmetryn), Betanal (phenmedipham), Kerb 50 W (propyzamid), Cycocel Extra (chlormequat), Rhodofix (naphthyl acetic acid). Zusammenfassung Ergebnisse des dritten gemeinsamen Prüfungsprogrammes für Pflanzenschutzmittel der IOBC/WRPS‐Arbeitsgruppe “Pflanzenschutzmittel und Nutzorganismen” Im Rahmen eines dritten gemeinsamen Prüfprogrammes der Arbeitsgruppe “Pflanzenschutzmittel und Nutzorganismen” der Internationalen Organisation für Biologische Schädlingsbekämpfung wurden Pflanzenschutzmittel in Labor‐, Halbfreiland‐ und Freilandprüfverfahren auf Nebenwirkungen gegenüber Nutzorganismen getestet. Die Ergebnisse der Prüfungen von 22 Präparaten an 19 verschiedenen Nutzorganismen, die von 19 Gruppenmitgliedern in 9 europäischen Ländern erarbeitet wurden, werden dargestellt. In dieser Arbeit sind außerdem die bisher in drei gemeinsamen Prüfprogrammen erzielten Ergebnisse von insgesamt 62 Präparaten in 7 verschiedenen, auf Kulturen bezogenen, Tabellen zusammengefaßt. In diesen Tabellen sind nur solche Präparate bzw. Nutzorganismen angegeben, die in den entsprechenden Kulturen bzw. Kulturgruppen angewandt werden bzw. dort von Bedeutung sind. Es wurden Tabellen erstellt für Gemüse im Freiland, Gemüse unter Glas, Obst, Getreide, Hackfrüchte + Futterpflanzen, Weinbau und Forst.

A B S T R A C TThe discovery and development of the pyrethroid insecticides represents u major advance in the techniques of crop protection and disease vector control. These compounds combine outstanding eficacy against a broad spectrum of noxious insects with low toxicity to birds and mammals. This paper considers the effects of pyrethroids on other components of the terrestriul non-target fauna, with particular reference to effects on 'beneficial' orgunisms, including natural pest-control agents, pollinators, and orgunisms responsible for the maintenance of soil structure and fertility. This paper uses laboratory und field data to identify which groups of organisms may be potentially ut risk from the use of pyrethroids, and draws on extensive field data to consider the signijcance of such hazards under conditions of normal use. Emphasis will be placed throughout on the evaluation of these compounds under pructical conditions, including both crop and non-crop usuges. Limitations to, and opportunities for, the use of pyrethroids ure discussed, und the potential for jiirther development is considered.

The ontogeny of migratory potential of male and female Drosophila subobscura has been quantified using tethered flight in the laboratory. In both sexes there is an increase in the few days immediately after eclosion, and a decline before the flies cease reproductive activity. There is an intervening peak in the potential of males, which may result from an increased rejection-rate by inseminated females. The migratory potential generally appears greater than that usually utilized in the field. Such extended migration extracts a significant cost from female flies in terms of reduced fecundity.

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