Abstract. The rock 'listvenite' is named and defined by reference to historical observations and recommendations are made so that listvenite (s.s.) can be distinguished from related carbonate-rich alteration products of ultramafic rocks. The mineralogy and tectonic setting of listvenite are reviewed, taking into account the descriptions and classifications used in the literature. The petrography of listvenite and related rocks at Cregganbaun serves as a reference to illustrate the characteristics of true listvenite and closely related products of listvenitic alteration.During the 150 years since the term 'listwiinite' was first introduced by Rose (1837Rose ( , 1842, much has been written on the topic by Russian field geologists and researchers (Krotov 1915;Lodochnikov 1936;Borodayevskiy and Borodayevskiy 1947;Korzhinskii 1953;Bok 1956;Ploshko 1963; Allakhverdiev 1965, 1971;Shcherban 1967;Shcherban and Borovikova 1969;Goncharenko 1970, Sazonov 1975Abovian 1978; Kuleshevich 1984;Spiridonov 1991). Listvenites and the criteria by which they are defined have more recently become a concern of geologists elsewhere Buisson and Leblanc 1985a, 1985b, 1987Aydal 1989;Ash and Arksey 1990a, 1990b, 1990cMadu et al. 1990;Nixon 1990;Ashley and Brownlow 1993;Auclair et al. 1993) due to their spatial and temporal association with gold deposits of mesothermal type in eugeoclinal terranes worldwide. There are problems concerning the strict definition of 'listw;nite' and also regarding the correct spelling of the word. This is evident in the idiosyncratic transliterations from Russian into other languages. Various spellings can be found e.g. listwaenite, listwanite, listvanite and listvenite. This confusion has arisen because of the free phonetic interpretation of the original transliteration from Russian to German given by Rose (1842). The geological section through the Urals given by Murchison et al. (1845) shows the type locality for listvenite, Listvenya Gora (Larch Hill). The root of the name listvenite is found in the Russian name for the larch tree. In a direct transcription from Cyrillic to English, the correct spelling is therefore 'listvenite'.In order to understand the processes governing the gold mineralization found in association with listvenite, it is also necessary to understand the process of listvenitization. However, a review of the literature shows that the term 'listvenite' is used to describe a diversity of carbonate-rich rocks produced by alteration of mafic-ultramafic bodies. The aim of the present contribution is to re-establish the identity of listvenite in the sense of the original description given by Rose (1837Rose ( , 1842 and to review the current classifications of listvenite and related rocks, using examples from Cregganbaun, Ireland to illustrate the characteristics of true listvenite and associated types of alteration. Characteristics of listvenite The historical problemSince the term 'listvenite' was first introduced to the literature of mineralogy by Rose (1837Rose ( , 1842, the usage of the wor...
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The importance of mineralogy in determining lichen assemblages occurring on metalliferous rocks and derived soils is discussed with reference to environments enriched in metals from mine and smelter wastes and other sites involving human activities. A study of lichens growing on Cu and Fe sulphide-rich rocks in Scandinavia is presented. This data suggests that the composition of the lichen communities is governed by mineralogy, which influences the mobility and availability of Cu2+ and Fe2+ in the environment, rather than the total concentrations of either metals within the substratum. A new lichen community, the Lecideion inopis Purvis, is described characterized by the faithful species Lecidea inops, Psilolechia leprosa and several Cu-rich ecotypes. This community occurs alkaline environments where Cu is fixed predominantly as a secondary hydroxide or carbonate. Conversely, low pH, Fe sulphide-rich environments, where Cu may also be present, are characterized by the Acarosporion sinopicae, which includes several species with a rusty colouration. Contrasting assemblages rich in terricolous ephemeral species, especially Vezdaea spp. occurring in Pb/Zn-rich environments, and the comparatively species-poor assemblages on Cr and Ni-rich ultrabasic rocks, are also reviewed. Although mine spoil heaps and other mineralized environments are perceived in human terms as toxic, they may support a diversity of lichens, including rare taxa restricted to these sites. The systematic description of these lichen communities in relation to rock mineralogy and chemical processes are necessary if physiological tolerance and speciation are to be understood.
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