Background: This report describes L. infantum infection seroprevalence in dogs in Spain through data obtained from peer-reviewed literature and a cross-sectional serological survey assessing epidemiological and habitat variables as risk factors for infection. The study also provides preliminary sand fly species distribution data and indicates factors affecting their distribution and density.Methods: Three different studies were conducted in Spain: (i) a peer-reviewed literature seroprevalence survey ; (ii) a cross-sectional serological survey (2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016); and (iii) a preliminary entomological survey (2013)(2014). In the cross-sectional serological survey, 1739 dogs from 74 different locations including 25 Spanish provinces were tested for L. infantum by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) (antibody titre ≥ 1:100). Seroprevalence of L. infantum infection was analysed by province and bioclimatic zone. Statistics were used to analyse relationships between several dog-and environment-related variables and L. infantum seroprevalence. In parallel, during 2013-2014, sand flies were collected across the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands using CDC light traps to examine relationships between habitat-related factors and sand fly species densities (number of sand flies per trap per hour). Results:The literature review revealed that the provinces showing the highest seroprevalence were Balearic Islands (57.1%), Ourense (35.6%), Málaga (34.6%) and Cáceres (34.2%), and those showing the lowest seroprevalence were Vizcaya (0%), Cantabria (2.0%) and Álava (3.3%). In our survey, anti-Leishmania IgG antibodies were detected in 176 of the 1739 dogs rendering a seroprevalence of 10.12%. Percentage seroprevalence distributions significantly varied among bioclimatic belts. Seropositivity for L. infantum was related to size (large breed dogs versus small) and were significantly higher in younger dogs (≤ 1 years-old). In the entomological survey, 676 sand flies of five species were captured: 562 (83.13%) Phlebotomus perniciosus; 64 (9.47%) Sergentomyia minuta; 38 (5.62%) P. ariasi: 6 (0.89%) P. sergenti; and 6 (0.89%) P. papatasi. Phlebotomus perniciosus showed a greater density in the thermo-Mediterranean than in the meso-Mediterranean zone. Densities of S. minuta and P. ariasi were significantly higher in rural habitats. Conclusions: This updated seroprevalence map of L. infantum infection in dogs in Spain defines non-endemic, hypoendemic, endemic and hyperendemic areas, and confirms P. perniciosus as the most abundant sand fly vector in Spain.

Role of funding source: The funding agency (NIH) had no role in the design of this study nor any role in its execution, analyses, and interpretation of data or the decision to submit results.

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RESUMENEntre 1995 a 2009 se registraron 206 hospitalizaciones en el Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño debido a accidentes por mordedura canina. La mediana de edad de los pacientes fue cuatro años y para los días de hospitalización tres. El 61,7 % fueron varones. Los accidentes ocurrieron en el domicilio de una tercera persona (39,3 %), en vía pública (33,5 %) y en el domicilio del agredido (27,2 %). El 66,5 % de los episodios fueron precedidos por un estímulo del niño y el 88,8 % causado por animales reconocidos por los lesionados. El 34,0 % reconoció la raza del animal (52,9 % animales cruzados). El 79,1 % fueron lesiones múltiples y la región anatómica más afectada fueron la cabeza y cuello (79,1 %). Se registraron complicaciones en un 20,4 % y secuelas estéticas en el 94,7 %. Las mordeduras caninas afectan la salud física de los niños.Palabras clave: Accidentes; Perros; Niño; Vacunas antirrábicas (fuente: DeCS BIREME). DOG BITE ACCIDENTS IN A CHILDREN HOSPITAL AT LIMA, PERU. RETROSPECTIVE STUDY FROM 1995 -2009ABSTRACT from 1995 to 2009, 206 cases of dog bites were recorded among hospitalized patients at the Children National Health of, Lima-Peru. The median of age was 4 years, and for hospitalization time was 3 days. Most patients were males (61.7 %). The bites occurred in the house of a third person (39.3 %), on the street (33.5 %), or in the victim's house (27.2 %). A 66.5 % of the bites were provoked and 88.8 % were from animals known to the victim. The dog breed was recognized in 34 % (52.9 % were mongrel dogs). Multiple lesions were identified in 79.1 %, and the most frequently bitten areas were head and neck (79.1 %). Complications were reported in 20.4 % and aesthetic sequelae in 94.7 %. Recibido: 05-04-11 Aprobado: 14-09-11 INTRODUCCIÓNLos accidentes por mordedura canina en personas representan un importante problema de salud pública, tanto por la lesión producida, como por el impacto emocional en las víctimas, las secuelas estéticas, la transmisión de enfermedades, las complicaciones secundarias (infecciones bacterianas) y el costo que incurre para la comunidad y el estado (1,2) . En el caso de los niños, ellos se exponen a estos accidentes debido a que comparten espacios comunes con estos animales (3) y porque a su edad, no interpretan eficientemente las señales previas de amenaza, como gruñidos o ladridos que pueden conducir a una agresión (4) .El comportamiento de los perros es el resultado de la combinación de aspectos como su genética, trato, entrenamiento y socialización, aunque existen algunas razas potencialmente más peligrosas. Así, en Estados Unidos, los perros de raza rottweiler y pitbull son causantes de alrededor del 60 % de las fatalidades debido a accidentes por mordedura (5) . La implementación de una legislación para prohibir la crianza de perros de razas peligrosas en muchos países no se ha investigado con profundidad, a excepción de un estudio realizado en el Reino Unido en 1990 que describió que tales políticas no tuvieron el impacto esperado (6) .ORIGINAL BREVE

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