ResumoO tambaqui é a principal espécie de peixe cultivado na Amazônia Ocidental. Porém durante o processo produtivo, práticas de manejo são necessárias para o monitoramento do crescimento e estado geral da sanidade dos animais. Para isso os animais devem ser anestesiados para maior segurança no trabalho. O eugenol, componente majoritário do óleo de cravo, tem sido bastante utilizado como anestésico alternativo para peixes por ser um produto natural e de baixo custo. Entretanto, estudos tratando de respostas metabólicas em peixes tropicais expostos a diferentes anestésicos são ainda necessários. Dentro desse intuito, o presente trabalho avaliou respostas metabólicas, detectadas por meio de alterações de parâmetros sanguíneos e plasmáticos do tambaqui, exposto ao eugenol em banhos anestésicos simulados. Respostas típicas ao estresse foram detectadas devido ao manuseio imposto aos peixes durante a realização dos banhos anestésicos. O eugenol não reduziu totalmente essas reações ao estresse. Por outro lado, esse anestésico não provocou estresse adicional em exposições curtas de 15 min em concentrações próximas a 20 mg L -1 . PalavRas-Chave: Colossoma macropomum, respostas fisiológicas, hematologia. Evaluation of tambaqui metabolic responses to eugenol in anesthetics bathsabstRaCt Tambaqui is the main farmed fish in the Western Amazon. However, in handling this fish has to be anesthetized for safety purposes, usually when evaluating growth and health conditions. Eugenol, the main component of clove oil, has been reported as an alternative fish anesthetic, because it is an inexpensive natural product. However, continued studies are necessary about the metabolic responses of tropical fish to anesthetics. The present work evaluated metabolic responses of tambaqui to eugenol in simulated anesthetic baths, measuring blood and plasma parameters. Typical metabolic stress responses to handling were detected, but they were not totally reduced by eugenol. On the other hand, the anesthetic dissolved in water did not provoke any extra charge of stress during short-term exposures in concentrations of about 20mg L -1 for 15 min.

Helminthes and protozoan of farmed pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) in easternAmazon and host-parasite relationship [ ABSTRACTThe parasitofauna in the giant Amazon basin, pirarucu (Arapaima gigas Schinz, 1822) cultured in fish farms from the state of Amapá, in eastern Amazonia (Brazil) was investigated. Of the 100 examined fish, 90.0% were parasitized by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora), Dawestrema cycloancistrium, Dawestrema cycloancistrioides (Monogenoidea) and Polyacanthorhynchus macrorhynchus (Acanthocephala), which had an aggregated distribution pattern. The highest infection rates were caused by I. multifiliis and the lowest by P. macrorhynchus. Infection rates were different for each fish farm, due to different water quality and management characteristics. A negative correlation was found between the intensity of monogenoideans D. cycloancistrium and D. cycloancistrioides and the relative condition factor (Kn), but the welfare of fish was not affected by parasitism. The number of I. multifiliis was positively correlated with the weight and total length of hosts, while the intensity of monogenoideans was negatively correlated with body weight and total length. This study is the first to record the occurrence of P. macrorhynchus in A. gigas farmed in Amazon.Keywords: Amazonia, fish farm, freshwater fish, parasites, sanity RESUMO Investigou-se a parasitofauna no gigante da bacia amazônica, pirarucu (Arapaima gigas

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In one series of experiments, heart frequency (f (H)), blood pressure (P (a)), gill ventilation frequency (f ( R )), ventilation amplitude (V (AMP)) and total gill ventilation (V (TOT)) were measured in intact jeju (Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus) and jeju with progressive denervation of the branchial branches of cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal) and X (vagus) without access to air. When these fish were submitted to graded hypoxia (water PO(2) approximately 140, normoxia to 17 mmHg, severe hypoxia), they increased f ( R ), V (AMP), V (TOT) and P (a) and decreased f (H). In a second series of experiments, air-breathing frequency (f (RA)), measured in fish with access to the surface, increased with graded hypoxia. In both series, bilateral denervation of all gill arches eliminated the responses to graded hypoxia. Based on the effects of internal (caudal vein, 150 microg NaCN in 0.2 mL saline) and external (buccal) injections of NaCN (500 microg NaCN in 1.0 mL water) on f (R), V (AMP), V (TOT), P (a) and f (H) we conclude that the O(2) receptors involved in eliciting changes in gill ventilation and associated cardiovascular responses are present on all gill arches and monitor the O(2) levels of both inspired water and blood perfusing the gills. We also conclude that air breathing arises solely from stimulation of branchial chemoreceptors and support the hypothesis that internal hypoxaemia is the primary drive to air breathing.

Summary The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a dietary Allium sativum (garlic) addition on growth, parasite infestation and blood parameters in Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui) using 12 net‐cages (1 m3). There were four treatments with three replicates each (15 fish per replicate). Tambaqui of 112.4 g mean weight were fed for 45 days with diets containing 0, 15, 30 and 45 g of fresh garlic kg−1 feed. Garlic did not affect the tambaqui survival, growth, feed conversion, body condition, plasma glucose levels, total plasma protein levels or red blood cells. Total leukocyte and lymphocyte numbers decreased in fish fed diets containing 45 g garlic kg−1 feed, but neutrophils decreased in fish fed diets containing 15, 30 and 45 g garlic kg−1 diet, while the number of immature leukocytes increased in fish fed 30 g and 45 g garlic kg−1diet. Gills in fish fed 30 and 45 g kg−1 diet had lower infestation (52% and 63%, respectively) of Anacanthorus spathulatus (Monogenea) compared to controls. The application of garlic in diets improved the response of leukocytes and enhanced the resistance to infections by monogeneans.

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Myxosporea parasitize many organs in fresh and saltwater fish. Species of the genus Myxobolus parasitizing the gills and other organs of the tambaqui Colossoma macropomum have been described. In the present study, blood smears were made from juvenile tambaqui and were stained with May Grunwald-Giemsa-Wright in order to identify myxozoan parasites. Out of a total of 36 fish examined, one specimen (2.7%) that was reared in a cage presented spores that were identified as M. colossomatis, whereas fish kept in 250 L tanks showed prevalence of 5.5%. This is the first report of M. colossomatis in the blood of farmed tambaqui in the Amazon region. These results indicate that myxozoan parasites should also be investigated in fish blood smears. Some myxosporean species may cause diseases in fish, and these species need to be identified so that adequate preventive sanitary control can be instituted.Keywords: Fish farming, freshwater fish, parasites, Myxobolus. ResumoMixosporídeos parasitam diversos órgãos de peixes de água doce e salgada, tendo sido descrita espécie do gênero Myxobolus parasitando brânquias e outros órgãos de tambaqui Colossoma macropomum. No presente trabalho, extensões sanguíneas de juvenis de tambaquis foram confeccionadas e coradas com May Grunwald-Giemsa-Wright para identificação de parasitos myxozoários. Do total de 36 peixes examinados, um espécime (2,7%) cultivado em tanquerede apresentou esporos identificados como M. colossomatis, enquanto os peixes mantidos em tanques com 250 L apresentaram prevalência de 5,5%. Esse é o primeiro registro de M. colossomatis no sangue de tambaqui cultivado na Amazônia. Esses resultados indicam que parasitos Myxozoa devem ser também investigados em extensões sanguíneas. Algumas espécies de mixosporídeos podem causar doença em peixes, sendo necessária a identificação da espécie para um adequado manejo sanitário preventivo.Palavras-chave: Piscicultura, peixe de água doce, parasitas, Myxobolus.

Objetivando o delineamento do perfil de sensibilidade dos agentes bacterianos causadores de enfermidades em peixes, 51 isolados bacterianos provenientes de Jundiá e pertencentes aos gêneros Acinetobacter spp. (8), Aeromonas spp. (15), Edwardsiella spp. (2), Enterobacter spp. (2), Klebsiella spp. (1), Plesiomonas spp. (5), Pseudomonas spp. (1), Staphylococcus spp.(11) e Vibrio spp. (6) foram testados frente aos antimicrobianos utilizados no tratamento de enfermidades em peixes. Dos 51 isolados bacterianos obtidos de exemplares de Jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) 51 (100%) foram sensíveis a gentamicina, 49 (96,08%) ao sulfazotrim, 47 (92,16%) ao cloranfenicol, 43 (84,31%), a tetraciclina, 43 (84,31%) ao ácido nalidíxico, 31 (60,78%) à nitrofurantoina, 22 (43,14%) à eritromicina, 22 (43,14%) à ampicilina, 15 (29,41%) à espiramicina, 13 (25,50%) à colistina e 5 (3%) foram sensíveis a penicilina G. Com exceção de um isolado do gênero Staphylococcus spp., as bactérias analisadas no presente estudo foram resistentes a um ou mais agentes antimicrobianos testados. O conhecimento do perfil de sensibilidade das bactérias envolvidas em processos infecciosos nos peixes permitirá aos técnicos à adoção de uma antimicrobianoterapia racional, que contribuirá para o controle das enfermidades em Rhamdia quelen, sem causar grandes riscos à saúde pública e ao meio ambiente.