Background and objectives
Delivery of nutrients directly to the small intestine, either via enteral feeding tube or by gastric bypass surgery, is associated with increased levels of appetite-suppressing and glucoregulatory hormones, including GLP-1, and reduced appetite. Achieving these changes non-invasively using formulated foods may be of therapeutic benefit in individuals with obesity and related comorbidities. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the effect of a single dose of a novel delayed-release nutrient (DRN) on glucose, GLP-1, c-peptide, insulin, and appetite in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Subjects and methods
We formulated an all-natural, generally recognized as safe (‘GRAS”) DRN and conducted a randomized prospective crossover trial. Nineteen adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes underwent paired 3-h meal tolerance tests (MTT) in randomized order 1–4 weeks apart. Subjects ingested a single dose of DRN and the same nutrients as unformulated powders (UN).
Results
For DRN compared with UN, the maximal concentration (Cmax) was significantly lower for glucose, c-peptide, and insulin, and the time of maximal concentration (Tmax) was significantly delayed. While Tmax for GLP-1 was also significantly delayed following DRN compared with UN (45 min later;
p
= 0.26), Cmax did not differ significantly. GLP-1 rose significantly during the last 90 min of the 3-h MTT (β
1
= 0.16 pg/mL/min,
p
= 0.025), while following UN it decreased (β
1
= −0.21 pg/mL/min,
p
= 0.0026) (
p
difference = 0.0003). There were minimal differences in seven measures of appetite and adverse symptoms between DRN and UN.
Conclusions
We conclude that nutrient can be formulated using all-natural ingredients to induce a delayed rise in GLP-1. Further testing is needed to determine the amount and site of nutrient release, when maximum GLP-1 levels occur, and if modification of the formulation specifications and dose are associated with appetite and glucose control.
This study was an attempt to evaluate the effects of Citrus aurantifolia (CA) and caffeine on the testes of adult male albino Wistar rats. No doubt, CA and caffeine have health benefits; however, there is a scarcity of data about their effects on the testes. Thirty-five adult male albino Wistar rats weighing between 200g and 230g were divided into seven equal groups. 1ml and 2mls of CA were given to groups B and C, respectively, using insulin syringe, via oral ingestion. A mixture of 0.5 ml of CA and 0.5 ml of 50% caffeine was given to group D, while a mixture of 1 ml of CA and 1 ml of 50% caffeine was given to group E. 1 ml of 5% caffeine solution and 2mls of 5% caffeine solution were given to groups F and G, respectively. None was given to group A being the control. They were sacrificed after 21 days; the testes were harvested, weighed and subjected to routine laboratory
Original Research Article
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