Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antarctica, Cladosporium arenosum from marine sediment sand. Argentina, Kosmimatamyces alatophylus (incl. Kosmimatamyces gen. nov.) from soil. Australia, Aspergillus banksianus, Aspergillus kumbius, Aspergillus luteorubrus, Aspergillus malvicolor and Aspergillus nanangensis from soil, Erysiphe medicaginis from leaves of Medicago polymorpha, Hymenotorrendiella communis on leaf litter of Eucalyptus bicostata, Lactifluus albopicri and Lactifluus austropiperatus on soil, Macalpinomyces collinsiae on Eriachne benthamii, Marasmius vagus on soil, Microdochium dawsoniorum from leaves of Sporobolus natalensis, Neopestalotiopsis nebuloides from leaves of Sporobolus elongatus, Pestalotiopsis etonensis from leaves of Sporobolus jacquemontii, Phytophthora personensis from soil associated with dying Grevillea mccutcheonii. Brazil, Aspergillus oxumiae from soil, Calvatia baixaverdensis on soil, Geastrum calycicoriaceum on leaf litter, Greeneria kielmeyerae on leaf spots of Kielmeyera coriacea. Chile, Phytophthora aysenensis on collar rot and stem of Aristotelia chilensis. Croatia, Mollisia gibbospora on fallen branch of Fagus sylvatica. Czech Republic, Neosetophoma hnaniceana from Buxus sempervirens. Ecuador, Exophiala frigidotolerans from soil. Estonia, Elaphomyces bucholtzii in soil. France, Venturia paralias from leaves of Euphorbia paralias. India, Cortinarius balteatoindicus and Cortinarius ulkhagarhiensis on leaf litter. Indonesia, Hymenotorrendiella indonesiana on Eucalyptus urophylla leaf litter. Italy, Penicillium taurinense from indoor chestnut mill. Malaysia, Hemileucoglossum kelabitense on soil, Satchmopsis pini on dead needles of Pinus tecunumanii. Poland, Lecanicillium praecognitum on insects’ frass. Portugal, Neodevriesia aestuarina from saline water. Republic of Korea, Gongronella namwonensis from freshwater. Russia, Candida pellucida from Exomias pellucidus, Heterocephalacria septentrionalis as endophyte from Cladonia rangiferina, Vishniacozyma phoenicis from dates fruit, Volvariella paludosa from swamp. Slovenia, Mallocybe crassivelata on soil. South Africa, Beltraniella podocarpi, Hamatocanthoscypha podocarpi, Coleophoma podocarpi and Nothoseiridium podocarpi (incl. Nothoseiridium gen. nov.) from leaves of Podocarpus latifolius, Gyrothrix encephalarti from leaves of Encephalartos sp., Paraphyton cutaneum from skin of human patient, Phacidiella alsophilae from leaves of Alsophila capensis, and Satchmopsis metrosideri on leaf litter of Metrosideros excelsa. Spain, Cladophialophora cabanerensis from soil, Cortinarius paezii on soil, Cylindrium magnoliae from leaves of Magnolia grandiflora, Trichophoma cylindrospora (incl. Trichophoma gen. nov.) from plant debris, Tuber alcaracense in calcareus soil, Tuber buendiae in calcareus soil. Thailand, Annulohypoxylon spougei on corticated wood, Poaceascoma filiforme from leaves of unknown Poaceae. UK, Dendrostoma luteum on branch lesions of Castanea sativa, Ypsilina buttingtonensis from heartwood of Quercus sp. Ukraine, Myrmecridium phragmiticola from leaves of Phragmites australis. USA, Absidia pararepens from air, Juncomyces californiensis (incl. Juncomyces gen. nov.) from leaves of Juncus effusus, Montagnula cylindrospora from a human skin sample, Muriphila oklahomaensis (incl. Muriphila gen. nov.) on outside wall of alcohol distillery, Neofabraea eucalyptorum from leaves of Eucalyptus macrandra, Diabolocovidia claustri (incl. Diabolocovidia gen. nov.) from leaves of Serenoa repens, Paecilomyces penicilliformis from air, Pseudopezicula betulae from leaves of leaf spots of Populus tremuloides. Vietnam, Diaporthe durionigena on branches of Durio zibethinus and Roridomyces pseudoirritans on rotten wood. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.

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RESUMOPalavras-chave adicionais: Brachiaria brizantha, Panicum maximum, patógeno.Objetivou-se avaliar a incidência de fungos e nematoides em sementes de Brachiaria sp. e Panicum maximum produzidas nos estados de Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Mato Grosso (MT), Goiás (GO), Minas Gerais (MG) e São Paulo (SP Com a expansão das pastagens e intensificação da atividade pecuária nos últimos anos, várias doenças de forrageiras começaram a ter importância significativa, especialmente nas regiões centro-oeste e norte do Brasil, causando perdas em produtividade e qualidade de pastagens.Pouco se conhece sobre a qualidade sanitária de sementes forrageiras produzidas e comercializadas no país, o que provavelmente contribui para o aumento da incidência de doenças em áreas de pastagens (6).A associação de patógenos às sementes representa impacto significativo no estande, desenvolvimento das plantas, produção de sementes, persistência das forrageiras no campo e, consequentemente, na produção de leite e carne. Além disso, a presença de patógenos nas sementes constitui entrave para a exportação de sementes (2, 3).Amostras de lotes comerciais de sementes de cultivares Brachiaria sp. e Panicum maximum da safra 2009/2010 e produzidas em diferentes regiões produtoras do país foram analisadas quanto à This study aimed to assess the incidence of fungi and nematodes in Bra c h ia ria sp. a nd Pa n ic u m ma x imu m seeds produ ced in the Brazilia n sta tes of Ma to Grosso do Sul (MS), Ma to Grosso (MT ), Goiás (GO), Minas Gerais (MG) and São Paulo (SP). The main fungi found in the seeds were Bipolaris sp., Curvularia sp. and Phoma sp.. The lowest incidence of these fungi was found for seeds of Brachiaria brizantha cultivars BRS Piatã and Xaraés, and Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, from the states of GO, MG and MS, respectively ABSTRACTB. humidicola cultivar Humidicola, produced in MS and SP, did not show a ssociation with nematodes. T he seeds of Pa nic um ma ximum cv. Massai a nd cv. Mombaça showed higher incidence of Bipolaris sp., Cladosporium sp., Curvularia sp., Fusarium sp. and Phoma sp., as well as Ap he le nc ho id es sp. a nd Dity le nc hu s sp., especially for seeds produced in MT. Some of the detected pathogens are causative a gents of disea ses of ma jor importa nce in fora ge pla nts, such a s Bip o la ris sp., ca u sing lea f spot in Pa n ic u m, of high severity in Ta nzâ nia , which provides seriou s compromising of the pa stu re sustainability.

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis, widespread in Latin America. PCM is a granulomatous disease characterized by a polymorphism of lesions depending on the pathogen's virulence, the immune status of the host and its genetic susceptibility. The thermodimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis was considered the only etiologic agent of PCM, yet recent works have shown significant genetic diversity among different strains of P. brasiliensis. Therefore, it has been proposed for a new species within the Paracoccidioides genus, named Paracoccidioides lutzii. To better understand the fungus-host interactions elicited by strains Pb01 and Pb18 as key representatives of P. lutzii and P. brasiliensis, respectively, we carried out studies to investigate differences in morphology, induced immune response, virulence and pathology between these two Paracoccidioides species. Our results demonstrate distinct patterns of host-parasite interaction and pathology caused by Pb18 and Pb01. These results open up new fronts for NEW: clinical studies, which may result in significant consequences for the diagnosis and treatment of PCM. Considering that our results cannot be extended to all strains of both species, more studies about the virulence among Paracoccioides must be explored in the future.

During a survey of plant-parasitic microfungi in Panama, a new species in a new genus of Parmulariaceae (Ascomycota), Antoniomyces loranthicola, was found on leaves of Gaiadendron punctatum (Loranthaceae). It is described and illustrated. The new species and the new genus differ morphologically from all other known species and genera known in Parmulariaceae by deep internal stroma and superficial radiating hyphae without appressoria.

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