Caproiciproducens galactitolivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium capable of producing caproic acid from galactitol, isolated from a wastewater treatment plant A strictly anaerobic, Gram-stain-positive, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated BS-1 T , was isolated from an anaerobic digestion reactor during a study of bacteria utilizing galactitol as the carbon source. Its cells were 0.3-0.5 mm62-4 mm, and they grew at 35-45 8C and at pH 6.0-8.0. Strain BS-1 T produced H 2 , CO 2 , ethanol, acetic acid, butyric acid and caproic acid as metabolic end products of anaerobic fermentation. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence, showed that strain BS-1 T represented a novel bacterial genus within the family Ruminococcaceae, Clostridium Cluster IV. The type strains that were most closely related to strain BS-1 T were Clostridium sporosphaeroides KCTC 5598 T (94.5 %), Clostridium leptum KCTC 5155 T (94.3 %), Ruminococcus bromii ATCC 27255 T (92.1 %) and Ethanoligenens harbinense YUAN-3 T (91.9 %). Strain BS-1 T had 17.6 % and 20.9 % DNA-DNA relatedness values with C. sporosphaeroides DSM 1294 T and C. leptum DSM 753 T , respectively. The major components of the cellular fatty acids were C 16 : 0 dimethyl aldehyde (DMA) (22.1 %), C 16 : 0 aldehyde (14.1 %) and summed feature 11 (iso-C 17 : 0 3-OH and/or C 18 : 2 DMA; 10.0 %). The genomic DNA G+C content was 50.0 mol%. Phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics allowed strain BS-1 T to be clearly distinguished from other taxa of the genus Clostridium Cluster IV. On the basis of these data, the isolate is considered to represent a novel genus and novel species within Clostridium Cluster IV, for which the name Caproiciproducens galactitolivorans gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type species is BS-1 T (5JCM 30532 T and KCCM 43048 T ).

Hexanoic acid production by a bacterium using sucrose as an economic carbon source was studied under conditions in which hexanoic acid was continuously extracted by liquid-liquid extraction. Megasphaera elsdenii NCIMB 702410, selected from five M. elsdenii strains, produced 4.69 g l⁻¹ hexanoic acid in a basal medium containing sucrose. Production increased to 8.19 g l⁻¹ when the medium was supplemented by 5 g l⁻¹ sodium butyrate. A biphasic liquid-liquid extraction system with 10 % (v/v) alamine 336 in oleyl alcohol as a solvent was evaluated in a continuous stirred-tank reactor held at pH 6. Over 90 % (w/w) of the hexanoic acid in a 0.5 M aqueous solution was transferred to the extraction solvent within 10 h. Cell growth was not significantly inhibited by direct contact of the fermentation broth with the extraction solvent. The system produced 28.42 g l⁻¹ of hexanoic acid from 54.85 g l⁻¹ of sucrose during 144 h of culture, and 26.52 and 1.90 g l⁻¹ of hexanoic acid was accumulated in the extraction solvent and the aqueous fermentation broth, respectively. The productivity and yield of hexanoic acid were 0.20 g l⁻¹ h⁻¹ and 0.50 g g⁻¹ sucrose, respectively.

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A Gram-negative, aerobic and halophilic bacterium designated strain mano18T was isolated from a tidal flat area of Dae-Chun, Chung-Nam, Korea. This strain was motile by means of polar flagella, occasionally forming rosette-like aggregates, reduced nitrate to nitrite, required sodium ions for growth, exhibited catalase and oxidase activities and contained Q-10 as the major quinone and C 18 : 1 v7c as the dominant cellular fatty acid. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that this strain is affiliated with a cluster within the Alphaproteobacteria. Strain mano18 T synthesized bacteriochlorophyll under aerobic conditions. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain mano18 T and the most closely related species, Stappia aggregata DSM 13394 T , was 98?5 %. Levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain mano18 T and the type strains of S. aggregata and Stappia stellulata were respectively 6?2-11?2 and 3?3-7?6 %. Strain mano18 T , like other Stappia strains, possesses carbon monoxide dehydrogenase genes.The results of DNA-DNA hybridization and the polyphasic data confirmed that strain mano18 T can be considered to represent a novel taxon in the genus Stappia. The name Stappia marina sp. nov. is proposed for the tidal flat isolate; the type strain is strain mano18 T (=KCTC 12288 T =DSM 17023 T ).

The previously proposed species Clostridium hastiforme and Tissierella praeacuta appear to be similar from their published descriptions. Accordingly, the aim of the current study was to perform phenotypic and genetic analyses of the type strains of both species, in order to clarify their taxonomic positions. The type strains of C. hastiforme (DSM 5675 T ) and T. praeacuta (NCTC 11158 T ) exhibited identical biochemical profiles and their 16S rRNA gene sequences displayed 99?9 % similarity. DNA-DNA hybridization was also estimated to be 96?5 %. Thus, it was concluded that C. hastiforme and T. praeacuta are synonyms, where T. praeacuta has priority. An emended description of the genus Tissierella is also given.

A Gram-stain positive, strict anaerobe, spore-forming, motile rod-shaped bacterial strain with peritrichous flagella, designated YMB-57(T), was isolated from the intestine of a cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) in Korea. Strain YMB-57(T) was found to show optimal growth at 37 °C, pH 7.5 and 1.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain YMB-57(T) belongs to the genus Clostridium and is most closely related to the type strains of Clostridium subterminale (96.9 % sequence similarity), Clostridium thiosulfatireducens (96.7 %) and Clostridium sulfidigenes (96.6 %). The main fermentation end-products identified following growth in PYG medium were acetate, butyrate, ethanol, propanol, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Peptone was converted to ethanol, and butanol, whereas glucose was fermented to ethanol. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as C16:0, C18:1 ω9c, and C18:1 ω9c DMA and the DNA G+C content was determined to be 34.0 mol%. Phenotypic and phylogenetic differences indicate that strain YMB-57(T) is distinct from other Clostridium species. It is proposed that strain YMB-57(T) be classified as the type strain of a novel species of the genus Clostridium, with the name Clostridium vulturis sp. nov. The type strain is YMB-57(T) (=KCTC 15114(T) = JCM 17998(T)).