Different barriers like a blood-brain barrier in the brain restrict the transport of potential therapeutic elements for direct entry into the brain. For delivery of a wide range of therapeutic drugs directly to the brain can be achieved by direct targeting the brain via an olfactory and trigeminal neural pathway which bypasses the blood-brain barrier hence has gained more importance and considered as an accurate route of drug targeting to brain. Intranasal route transports the drug by delivering it directly to the brain and avoiding the systemic absorption which also avoids the side effect of enhancing the efficacy of nano therapeutics. As these types of drug delivery commonly targeted drug delivery to the brain via nose are complex. Different strategies applied for overcoming these challenges has been covered. Drugs to be transported through this system are usually carried out through nano particulate system known as nanotechnology which helps in transportation of drug particles directly to the central nervous system and participates in drug release through a carrier-mediated system called nano particulate system have been extensively covered within the article. Parallel to this recent advancement in brain targeted drug delivery has been thoroughly explained and characterized. Although direct drug delivery to the brain is a vital challenge for researchers which can be overcome by using different types of strategies that have been covered under this article.
Zinc oxide nanoparticles were developed by a facile green synthesis approach using plant extractions of Casuasina equisetfolia . The confirmative preparation and morphology of synthesized ZnO NPs are analyzed by the FTIR, XRD, SEM, DLS, and TEM technologies. FTIR confirms the preparation of ZnO NPs, and XRD, SEM, and TEM gave the surface structure and morphological information of ZnO NPs. ZnO NPs particle size was11-13 nm with amorphous nature having uniform distribution. Synthesized ZnO NPs were further applied as photocatalysts to degrade hazardous dye, Orange G, and gave a significant result. The adsorption behavior of ZnO NPs was also evaluated for Congored dye, which could effectively treat dye from an aqueous medium. The sorption results coordinate well with the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm (D-R) paradigm. The optimum monolayered sorption efficacy of ZnO NPs for CR was 42.01mgg -1 . Reaction kinetics obeyed the pseudo-second-order, and thermodynamics of sorption of CR onto ZnO NPs exhibited that the mechanism was endothermic and spontaneous. Therefore, the present study is economically and environmentally sound for water treatment.
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