Thirty-one dogs with patellar luxation (grades 2 and 3) were categorized into three groups. Group 1 (G.1; n = 12) had sodium hyaluronate (SHA) intra-articularly injected into the stifle joint that received surgery. Group 2 (G.2; n = 10) received SHA twice: first after surgery and then 1 week later. Group 3 (G.3; n = 9) served as a control, without injection. Blood was collected before injection and then once a week for 4 weeks after injection for evaluation of chondroitin sulfate (CS-WF6) and hyaluronan (HA). The results revealed significantly (p < 0.05) improved clinical scores by the end of week 4 in G.1 and G.2 relative to G.3; however, there was no significant difference between G.1 and G.2. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in serum CS-WF6 levels beginning at week 2 in G.1 and G.2. At weeks 3 and 4, serum HA in G.1 and G.2 differed from that in G.3 (p < 0.05). No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in serum biomarkers between G.1 and G.2. In conclusion, intra-articular injection with SHA after joint surgery may improve homeostasis of the joint, retarding the process of OA.
SummaryThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of diacerein (DAR) and DAR combined with chondroitin sulfate (CS) for treatment of canine hip osteoarthritis (OA) in a 6-month clinical trial. Client-owned dogs included in the study consisted of 27 males and 25 females, aged 59.43±17.05 months old and weighing 17.63±5.19 kg. The dogs were randomly divided into five groups: DAR50 (administration of DAR 50 mg daily); DAR100 (DAR 100 mg daily); DAR50/CS (DAR 50 mg + CS 525 mg daily); DAR100/CS (DAR 100 mg + CS 525 mg daily); and CS (CS 525 mg daily). Dogs were re-examined monthly for 6 months after initiation of treatment. The assessment protocol included clinical scores and radiographic findings. Blood samples were collected three times (pre-treatment, and after 3 and 6 months) for evaluation of the serum biomarker, CS-WF6. Dogs treated with DAR showed statistically significant improvements (P<0.05) in lameness, joint mobility, pain on palpation, weight-bearing, and overall clinical score at 3, 6, 5, 4, and 4 months, respectively, after the start of treatment. Side effects, including diarrhea and dark-colored urine, were found in all groups receiving DAR. After the 3 rd month, the level of serum CS-WF6 in the CS group was significantly elevated (P<0.05), while the other four groups showed a significant decrease (P<0.05). The results showed that DAR 50 or 100 mg had a similarly positive therapeutic effect on dogs with osteoarthritis. The use of DAR alone or in combination with CS resulted in decreased degradation of OA cartilage.
The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of cartilage erosion in small dogs with patellar luxation (PL), and related osteoarthritis (OA)-related gene expression. In Study 1, 71 dogs were examined to determine risk factors associated with PL, including breed, age, weight, sex, and affected joint. In Study 2, a total of 39 dogs were divided into four groups: normal articular cartilage in the stifle joint (G1; n=5); PL without cartilage erosion (G2; n=11); PL with cartilage erosion (G3; n=14); and OA in the stifle (G4; n=9). Articular cartilage and synovial membranes were collected during surgical operations to correct PL. Real-time PCR was used to quantify the expression levels of 11 OA-related genes, including AGG, COL2A1, HAS-1, with GAPDH used as a reference gene. From Study 1, it was found that the risk factors related with cartilage erosion lesion were age, sex, and PL grade (all variables showed P<0.05). From Study 2, it was demonstrated that PL with or without cartilage erosion expressed pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes; some biomolecules were up regulated (IL-1β, MMP-3, AGG, TIMP-1) but some were down regulated (COL2A1, . This expression was the difference between the articular cartilage and the synovial membrane; however, the expression of genes from PL with cartilage erosion was observed to be similar to that of OA. From our results, it can be concluded that PL can develop into secondary OA due to an increase of IL-1β in cartilage and synovial membrane. Keywords: Cartilage erosion, Dog, Gene expression, Patellar luxation Köpeklerde Patellar Luksasyonda Kıkırdak Erozyonunun Prevalansı ve Etkilenmiş Eklemlerdeki Gen Ekspresyonu ÖzetBu çalışmanın amacı patellar luksasyonlu (PL) küçük cüsseli köpeklerde kartilaj erozyonunun prevalansını ve osteoartritis (OA)-alakalı gen ekspresyonunu belirlemektedir. Birinci araştırmada; cins, yaş, cinsiyet ve infekte eklemi içeren PL ile ilgili risk faktörlerini belirlemek amacıyla 71 köpek incelendi. İkinci araştırmada toplam 39 köpek dört gruba ayrıldı; diz ekleminde normal artikular kartilaj (G1; n=5), kartilaj erozyon olmayan PL (G2; n=11), kartilaj erozyonlu PL (G3; n=14) ve dizde OA (G4; n=9). Cerrahi operasyon sırasında PL'u düzeltmek amacıyla artiküler kartilaj ve sinoviyal zarlar alındı. Toplam 11 adet OA ile ilgili genin (AGG, COL2A1,; referans gen olarak GAPDH kullanıldı) ekspresyon düzeylerini belirlemek amacıyla PCR tekniği uygulandı. Birinci araştırmanın sonucunda yaş, cinsiyet ve PL derecesi kartilaj erozyonu ile ilgili risk faktörleri olarak belirlendi (P<0.05). İkinci araştırmada kartilaj erozyonlu veya erozyon bulunmayan PL'lu köpeklerde pro-inflamatuar sitokinleri eksprese ettikleri, bazı biyomoleküllerin ekspresyonunu artırdıkları AGG, bazılarını ise azalttıkları (IL-1β, MMP-3, AGG, TIMP-1) gözlemlendi. Bu ekspresyon artiküler kartilaj ve sinoviyal zar için farklıydı. Ancak kartilaj erozyonlu PL'da genlerin ekspresyonu OA ile benzerlik göstermekteydi. Çalışma bulguları doğrultusunda kıkırdak ve sinoviyal zarlarda artan ...
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