Cephinae represents one of the exclusively endophytophagous sawfly lineages with diverse host plant utilizations, in which most species have great economic importance. However, the evolutionary history of the subfamily has not been thoroughly investigated to date. Here, we characterized the mitogenomes of six species representing five genera of Cephinae. Rearrangements of the tRNA genes were found to be notably common. The rearrangements involve the IQM and TP gene clusters, and the former is a synapomorphy of the subfamily. In spite of the seldom occurrence of gene duplication in arthropods, three tRNA duplication events not known elsewhere in Symphyta were detected in Cephinae. The phylogeny of Cephinae was reconstructed using different datasets generated from mitochondrial genes and two nuclear fragments, EF‐1α and ITS2, under Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) approaches by adding the data of previously reported seven species. Five different tree topologies were recovered in which the tree produced from the nP12RNAexc4genes dataset under the BI and ML approaches was highly resolved with high support values. The phylogeny did not support the traditional tribal concept but it suggested two strongly supported clades. Diversification of the subfamily appears to correspond to a great extent to host plant availability and colonization in the Late Cretaceous, Early Eocene and Oligocene, suggesting speciation via host shift. The nonsynonymous substitutions and the most radical changes observed in mitochondrial protein‐coding genes were proposed as evidence for speciation driven by divergent adaptive selection.
ÖZETAnadolu, Avrupa'nın günümüz biyoçeşitliliğine önemli derecede katkı sağlayan bölgelerden birisidir. Bazı günümüz orta ve kuzey Avrupa popülasyonlarının buzul dönemlerinde Anadolu'da barınmış popülasyonlardan giden öncülerce oluşturulduğu savunulmaktadır. Soğuk tercih eden hayvanlar yayılış örüntülerinde buzul dönemlerinde genişleme buzullar arası dönemlerde ise daralma sergiledikleri için model organizmalar olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu kapsamda Anadolu'nun, tarihsel biyocoğrafyası ve genetik çeşitliliği konusunda bilgi edinmek amacıyla Karadeniz bölgesinde yayılış gösteren Bombus lapidarius'un 14 kadar popülasyonundan COI ve nCTB gen bölgeleri çalışılmıştır. Her iki belirteç açısından da haplotip çeşitliliği ve özgün haplotip sayısı yüksek olup, popülasyonlar arasında anlamlı bir genetik farklılaşma saptanmıştır. Özellikle Doğu-Batı farklılaşması Karadeniz boyunca desteklenmektedir. Tüm analizlerde Doğu4 ve Doğu5 popülasyonlarının diğer popülasyonlardan belirgin olarak farklı olduğu görülmektedir. Bu farklılaşma popülasyonların coğrafik yayılış örüntüleri ile doğrudan ilişkilidir. Aynı zamanda bu popülasyonlar ayrı bir soy hattı oluşturmaktadır. Ayrıca Batı popülasyonları son türemiş popülasyonlar olarak görülmektedir.Anahtar Kelimeler: mtDNA, NUMT, Anadolu, Filocoğrafya, Genetik yapı, Coğrafik genetik yapılanma GENETIC STRUCTURING OF ANATOLIAN BOMBUS LAPIDARIUS L. (APIDAE: HYMENOPTERA) POPULATIONS ABSTRACTAnatolia is one of the important regions which have contributed to current biodiversity of Europe. It is suggested that some of the current central and northern populations of Europe have been originated from populations took refuge during glacial ages. Cold preferring animals are accepted as model organisms because they exhibit range expansion and range contraction patterns during glacial and interglacial periods, respectively. In order to improve our knowledge on biogeography and genetic diversity of Anatolia, the distribution pattern of Bombus lapidarius were investigated in the Black Sea region using COI and nCTB genes from 14 populations. High numbers of unique and diverse haplotypes were observed in both markers, suggesting genetic differentiations among populations. East-West differentiation is particularly supported throughout the Black Sea region. All analyses indicate that the East4 and East5 populations exhibit significantly differentiation from other populations. This differentiation is directly related to the geographical distribution patterns of populations. These populations constitute a separate lineage at the same time. In addition, Western populations can be accepted as recently derived populations.
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