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Association française d'études sur les Balkans (Afebalk)

This paper examines some American periodicals published between 1918 and 1923. According to this examination, he foremost topics discussed in these periodicals in this period were as follovvs: the plans for a 'new order' in the region and the role of the USA in this new phase; the question of Christian minorities, expecially the Armenians and American missionaries in Turkey; the war betvveen the Turkish and Greek armies; Kemalists' links with the Bolsheviks and Islamism; the negoiations at Lausanne and discord among the Allies, and the ecı nomic, commercial and cultural interests of the USA in the "nevv Turkey". I conclude that the attitude of the American press, in general, changed slovvly but continuously during this period, and vvas determined strongly by the attempts of the Kemalists to prove hovv 'modern' or 'Westernized' they weıe. Although anti-Turkish discourse remained dominant even afer the Treaty of Lausanne, a more analytical and objective vievv of the Kemalists started to prevail.

This essay discusses the image of Ottomans/Turks in history schoolbooks in contemporary Albania, a country which was the first mainly Muslim nation-state to emerge from the Ottoman Empire. With an attempt to contextualize this discussion, it firstly summarizes the modern Albanian historiography and the institutions producing the historiographical discourses in Albania; secondly it depicts the narrower context of the production process of history schoolbooks and their use. The main corpus of the article is devoted, however, to a detailed analysis of history schoolbooks by focusing on several specific issues: a) The process of Ottomanization and Islamization in Albania and the place of Kosovo War (1389) in this process; b) the first phase (XIV-XV. centuries) of this process and the place of Skender beu's resistance against it; c) the socioeconomic and cultural structure in the Classical Age (XVI-XVII. centuries); d) Albanians and Albania in the Ottoman modernization process (from 1830s to 1912); and finally e) the declaration of independence (1912) and its aftermath.

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