An experiment was carried out to evaluate the fungitoxic effect of Trichoderma longibrachiatum (Rifai) metabolite on F. oxysporum, A. niger and A. tamarii. The fungi were collected from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and Nigerian Institute of Science Laboratory Technology (NISLT). T. longibrachiatum was cultured on 1/4 strength Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) following standard procedures. Its metabolite was extracted using 50 ml n-hexane with 50 ml Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB). The metabolite was purified by filter sterilization using a sterile 0.22 millipore filter disc after centrifuging at 900 rpm for 20 minutes. Petri plates of each fungus were later impregnated in triplicates with the T. longibrachiatum metabolites using four concentrations (10%, 25%, 50% and 100%), and three volumes (1 ml, 2 ml, and 3 ml). Petri plates of fungi without the metabolite and Petri Plates of fungi with n-hexane and PDB served as control. All Petri Plates were incubated at 28˚C for 7 days. Radial and diametric growth of each fungus on all Petri Plates were taken daily at 24 hours intervals. Data obtained were analysed using SAS (version 9.3). Growth inhibition of F. oxysporum, A. niger and A. tamarii was significantly higher than in control in that order (P ≤ 0.05). Inhibition of the fungi by metabolites extracted with both PDB and n-hexane was significantly better than in control. Generally, inhibition by metabolite extracted with PDB was better than that extracted with n-hexane. Growth inhibition at all the concentrations of the metabolite was significantly better than in the control (P ≤ 0.05
Cabbage is a dietary source of micronutrients, vitamins and fiber, vital for human health. Cabbage samples for this study were obtained from selected markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. Serial dilutions and membrane filter techniques were used to determine microbial load and profile of the samples. Appropriate culture media and techniques were used to detect for the presence of Fungi and Bacteria in samples. Fungi isolated included; Sclerotinia sp, Fusarium sp, Cladosporium sp, Aspergillus sp, Mucor sp, Alternaria sp and Rhizopus sp. Bacteria isolated included; Staphylococcus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Xanthomonas sp, Micrococcus sp, Bacillus sp, Erwinia sp, and Streptococcus sp. The fungi load was highest in cabbage samples collected from challenge having 158.0 X 103 cfu/ml, followed by cabbage purchased from Bodija having 67.6 X 103 cfu/ml, Monatan 63.6 X 103 cfu/ml. , Oje 27.0 X 103 cfu/ml, and Gbagi 24.0 X 103 cfu/ml. The bacterial load on the cabbage samples was observed to be the highest in cabbage samples from Bodija with 360.0 X 103 cfu/ml, followed by samples from Gbagi 188.6 X 103 cfu/ml, Monatan 171.3 X 103 cfu/ml, Challenge 133.6 X 103 cfu/ml and Oje 85.3 X 103 cfu/ml. Results also showed that Ascetic Acid lowered microbial load and thus researchers recommend that cabbage be treated with 2.5 - 5% acetic acid (vinegar) for 5-10 minutes to reduce microbial load then rinse with sterile water before consumption. Enlightenment campaigns are necessary for vendors and people purchasing cabbage for consumption on the dangers of not washing before selling and consuming.
Aim: We evaluated the antibacterial activities and phytochemical distribution of the solvent fractions of the leaf and stem of Leea guineensis G. Don. Methodology: The antibacterial activities and phytochemical distribution of the solvent fractions of the leaf and stem of L. guineensis were determined using standard procedures. Results: Methanol fraction of the leaves at 100 mg/mL showed activity against Acinetobacter baumammii while both ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of the leaves at 100 mg/mL have activities against Acinetobacter baumammii. The methanol fraction of LGS leaves at 25-100 mg/mL was potent against Escherichia coli, while the ethyl acetate fraction of the stem at 100 mg/mL was inhibitory to Escherichia coli. Both the ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of the leaf of LGS possess antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, however, the methanol fractions of the stem alone inhibit Staphylococcus aureus. Ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of the leaf were inhibitory to Pseudomonas aeruginosa while ethyl acetate fraction of the stem was highly efficacious on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Only the methanol fraction of the leaf was potent against Proteus mirabilis, while both ethyl acetate and methanol fraction of the stem were potent against Proteus mirabilis. Both ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of the stem at 100 µg/mL were potent against Klebsiella pneumoniae but, only the methanol fraction of the stem was potent on Klebsiella pneumoniae. The methanol fraction of the leaves was potent against Salmonella Typhi however, both ethyl acetate and methanol fraction of the stem were potent against Salmonella Typhi. More phytochemicals were found in ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of both the leaves and stems. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of the leaves and stem of L. guineensis seem to possess some antibacterial properties courtesy of the abundant phytochemicals found in these fractions.
Background: Pearl millets are a group of highly variable small-seeded grasses; they are widely grown around the world as cereal crops and have a wide array of uses. They harbor a lot of fungi from field to post-harvest which are capable of posing health hazards to humans and animals. The objectives of this research study were to isolate and identify different fungi associated with millet at different periods of storage and determine their mycotoxin profile. Materials and Methods: Millet samples were purchased randomly from vendors in three major markets situated in three different local governments in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria over a three-month period. The samples were brought to the laboratory in sterile polythene bags. Isolation of fungi from the millet samples was done by direct plating on Saboraud's Dextrose Agar (SDA) incorporated with chloramphenicol to prevent bacterial growth. The plates were incubated at room temperature for 48-72 hours and observed. Results: Pure cultures of fungi were obtained by repeated subculturing. A total of fourteen (14) fungi belonging to twelve (12) genera were obtained. Aspergillus fumigatus had the highest (25.7%) frequency of occurrence, with Syncephalastrum spp (6.5%), Rhizopus spp (5.7%), Fusarium spp (3.6%), Alternaria brassicicola (2.8%), Curvularia spp (3.2%), Mucor mucedo (2.4%), Gonatobotrys simplex (1.2%), Acladium conspersum (0.5%), Penicillium spp (2.8%), Aspergillus niger (21.2%), Aspergillus flavus (23.6%) while Nigrospora oryzae and Sporendonema spp had the lowest (0.4%) frequencies. The mycotoxin profile quantification revealed the presence of four aflatoxins: AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 in the millet samples with the samples purchased from Oje having the highest aflatoxin level of 897 ppb. Conclusion: There is the need to adopt strict hygiene, storage and preservative practices to prevent fungi from infecting millet samples with a view to controlling their aflatoxin level.
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