Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV2 recently became a pandemic worldwide, such as in Indonesia. Social distancing is one of the recommended mitigations to reduce the risk of disasters, such as morbidity and mortality caused by COVID-19. Community compliance with social distancing is a part of the pandemic control.Aims: This study identified knowledge, attitudes, and behavior towards the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through social distancing during COVID-19 pandemic among Indonesian community.Methods: This descriptive study applied a cross-sectional design and distributed closed questions with online  questionnaire randomly to 34 provinces in Indonesia on social media networks and e-mail. This study successfully collected 1,102 respondents from 29 provinces in Indonesia. The data were analyzed descriptively by calculating frequency, percentage, and cross-tabulation.Results: This study had successfully identified  99%, 59%, and 93% of respondents with good knowledge, positive attitudes, and good behavior respectively towards  social distancing..Among the respondents who had good knowledge showed positive attitudes (58.85%) and good behavior (93.3%). The respondents who had positive attitudes showed good behavior (96.7%).behaviorConclusion: Indonesian community had good knowledge, attitude and behavior towards social distancing as a way to prevent the virus transmission. This strongly supports disaster mitigation in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Keywords: attitudes, behavior, COVID-19, knowledge, social distancing.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) merupakan jenis penyakit baru yang teridentifikasi pada manusia. Virus penyebab COVID-19 ini dinamakan SARS-CoV-2. Angka mortalitas yang disebabkan oleh SARS-COV-2 (3,8%), hal ini lebih rendah dari angka mortalitas yang disebabkan oleh infeksi coronavirus sebelumnya, yaitu SARS-COV (10%) dan MERS-COV (37,1%). Namun, angka penularan dari SARS-COV-2 jauh lebih tinggi, yaitu 10 kali lipat bersifat lebih infeksius. Hal ini dapat dijadikan sebagai penjelasan penyebab dari mewabahnya virus yang terjadi secara mendadak. Infeksi SARS-COV-2 terjadi melalui droplets, kontak dengan cairan tubuh pasien yang terinfeksi, benda-benda yang terkontaminasi. COVID-19 dapat menimbulkan tanda dan gejala yang bervariasi. (WHO-2019-nCOV) Infeksi ini dapat menyebabkan gejala ISPA ringan hingga berat bahkan sampai terjadi Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), sepsis dan syok septik. Dalam melakukan diagnosis diperlukannya pemeriksaan yang memiliki tingkat sensitifitas dan spesifisitas yang tinggi. Pemeriksaan penunjang yang dilakukan mencakup pemeriksaan radiologis, dan pemeriksaan laboratorium (uji antigen, antobodi, serologi dan molekuler). Dalam referat ini akan dibahas mengenai beberapa pemeriksaan diagnostik yang umum dilakukan saat ini, yaitu rapid test antigen, rapid test antibodi, ELISA, RT-PCR dan Tes Cepat Molekuler. Setiap pemeriksaan memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangannya masing-masing. Namun pemeriksaan baku emas dalam mendiagnosis COVID-19 tetap menggunakan RT-PCR.

This study aimed to determine the effect of digital literacy and business strategy on the performance of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in the Culinary Industry in Padang partially and simultaneously. Primary research data sources were collected from questionnaires. The research population was 361 Culinary Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, and a sample of 193 Culinary Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises was determined by purposive sampling. All research variables met the provisions of the instrument test and the classical assumption test so that multiple linear regression data analysis could be carried out. The multiple linear regression equations Y = 0.401 + 0.492X1 + 0.247X2 + e indicated that digital literacy and business strategy significantly positively affect the performance of Culinary Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Padang partially and simultaneously.

Abstrak. Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) telah menjadi pandemi di seluruh dunia dengan angka kejadian yang terus meningkat di beberapa negara. Kecepatan dan ketepatan diagnosis diperlukan untuk mencegah perburukan kondisi pasien. Real-Time Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) sampai saat ini masih menjadi baku emas untuk menegakkan diagnosis COVID-19, namun uji diagnostik ini dilaporkan banyak menunjukkan hasil negatif palsu. Pemeriksaan radiologi berupa foto toraks dan CT-Scan dada banyak dilakukan untuk  menunjang diagnosis COVID-19. Gambaran foto toraks yang paling sering ditemukan adalah konsolidasi, ground-glass opacity (GGO), distribusi bilateral, perifer dan di lobus bawah paru-paru, namun pemeriksaan ini dianggap tidak sensitif untuk menemukan kelainan paru pada tahap awal penyakit. Meskipun demikian, foto toraks dapat digunakan untuk memantau perkembangan kelainan paru akibat COVID-19, salah satunya dengan metode Brixia Score. Pada sisi lain,CT-scan dada dinilai lebih sensitif daripada foto toraks serta mampu menunjukkan kelainan paru tahap awal pada pasien dengan hasil RT-PCR yang negatif. Gambaran pada CT-scan dada umumnya menunjukkan GGO, konsolidasi, crazy-paving stone, dan air bronchogram.  CT-scan dapat mengurangi angka negatif palsu pada RT-PCR dan sebagai alat skrining pada pasien yang dicurigai COVID-19 di lokasi epidemis saat hasil RT-PCR tidak tersedia. Penggunaan pemeriksaan radiologi dan RT-PCR dapat menghemat waktu serta membantu diagnosis dan manajemen COVID-19. Kata Kunci: Pencitraan COVID-19, Radiologi SARS-CoV-2Abstract. Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) has become a worldwide pandemic with an increasing incidence in several countries. Speed and accuracy of diagnosis are needed to prevent worsening of patient's condition. Real-Time Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is still a gold standard of COVID-19 diagnosis, however, this test shown false negative results in several case. Radiological examinations, chest X-Ray (CXR) and CT scan, are used to support the diagnosis. The most commonly found in CXR are consolidation, ground-glass opacity (GGO), bilateral distribution, peripheral and in the lower lobe, but this examination is insensitive to find lung abnormalities in early stages of disease. However, CXR can be used to monitor the development of lung abnormalities due to COVID-19, such as the Brixia Score method. On the other hand, CT-Scan is more sensitive than CXR and able to show early lung abnormalities in negative RT-PCR results. CT scan show the presence of GGO, consolidation, crazy-paving stone, and air bronchogram. CT-scanning can reduce the false-negative rate on RT-PCR and become a screening tool in suspected COVID-19 patients at epidemic area where RT-PCR is not available. The use of radiological examinations and RT-PCR can save the time and help in the diagnosis and management of COVID-19.Keywords: COVID-19’s Radiology, Imaging of SARS-CoV-2

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is divided into ancient and modern lineage. Both lineages have different virulence property and therefore associated with different immune responses and disease severity in tuberculosis (TB) patients. The aim of this study was to determine the association between MTB lineages and the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and lung tissue damage among Indonesian TB patients. Methods: Thirty new and active TB patients were recruited randomly from Dr. Soewandhie Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. MTB isolates were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and their lineages were determined by primer-specific PCR targeting TbD1 and RD9 region gene. The degree of lung tissue damage was assessed and classified using NICE Scoring System and TNF-α level of BALF was measured by ELISA. Results: MTB were detected in all patients in which 17 and 13 isolates were classified as modern and ancient lineage, respectively. Modern lineage was associated with the degree of lung damage (odds ratio [OR]: 3.97; 95% CI: 1.57-6.37), p < 0.001). This lineage was also associated with high TNF-α level (OR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.31-47.00, p=0.026). In addition, the level of TNF-α was higher in severe compared to mild lung damage cases (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Modern lineage is likely associated with high TNF-α level and increases the risk of having severe lung damage three times among TB patients from Indonesia. Therefore, laboratory test to determine MTB lineages might crucial to be integrated in National Tuberculosis Control Program in the country.

Having good knowledge and attitude related to the prevention of Tuberculosis is very important as control disease efforts and also supported by a positive and appropriate attitude. Actually, positive behavior can improve the prevention of Tuberculosis disease that would support the government to control the disease. This community service aims to improve the knowledge of students about Tuberculosis disease that would inhibit the transmission of disease in the Islamic Boarding School Inshafuddin, Banda Aceh. This community service activity was implemented by presenting counseling information and distributing leaflets about Tuberculosis disease to all students who join in this event. The activity is held on strict health protocols such as open space that meets adequate ventilation requirements and wearing a mask, washing hands first before entering the counseling area, and sitting more than 1 meter apart. The number of students who participated in this event was about 30 students and was attended by several teachers. All activity participants stated that this activity was very useful and could improved knowledge related to Tuberculosis disease.

Introduction Health workers are at high risk of contracting the disease because they are at the forefront of assisting COVID19 patients. Globally, Indonesia has the worst death toll of health workers. Many previous studies have shown the differences in knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of health workers in handling with the COVID19 pandemic. This study aims to asses the role of knowledge, attitudes, and health workers' preparedness during the COVID-19 pandemic in Aceh Pidie Jaya District. Methods A cross-sectional study and the data were collected by distributing online questionnaires about knowledge, attitudes, behavior, and preparedness related to the COVID-19 at 12 Pidie Jaya District health centers. The knowledge, behavior, and preparedness parameters used Guttman and Likert scales to measure the workers' attitudes. Chi-square test was used to evaluate the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, behavior, and preparedness. Results In this study, 377 health workers were selected, the majority of respondents' education level was diploma, level 3 (257, 76.3%), and one-third of the respondents did not attend training. There are 197 (58.5%) respondents who had good knowledge, 177 (52.5%) positive attitudes, 283 (84%) good behavior, and 173 (51, 3%) well prepared. Furthermore, good knowledge, positive attitude, and good behavior had a significant correlation statistically with well prepared during the pandemic (p < 0.05). Discussion Most of the health workers in Aceh Pidie Jaya have good knowledge, positive attitudes, and good behavior that create adequate preparedness. Even though training is still very limited, educational attainment would remain the cornerstone for preparedness to encounter COVID-19.

Objective: The role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) species in tuberculosis (TB) infection in human is still questioned. The aim of this study was to determine whether M. tuberculosis and M. bovis is associated with apoptosis and necroptosis by measuring the expression of specific signaling pathways components (Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) and receptor interacting protein 3 (RIP3)), and the level of apoptosis. Results: We recruited 30 patients with pulmonary TB; 24 patients were infected with M. tuberculosis Beijing strain and six patients with M. bovis BCG strain. M. tuberculosis-infected patients were more likely to have severe lung damage compared to those infected with M. bovis (odds ratio [OR] 7.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07-54.09). M. tuberculosis infection was associated with lower expression of FADD and lower apoptosis level of macrophages compared to M. bovis. No significant different of RIP3 between MTBC species groups. In conclusion, M. tuberculosis Beijing strain was associated with severe pulmonary damage, inhibited FADD expression and reduced apoptosis level of macrophages derived from pulmonary TB patients. This suggests that the M. tuberculosis Beijing strain is potentially to be used as determinant of disease progressivity and tissue damage in TB cases.