Iskandar BS, Iskandar J, Irawan B, Partasasmita R. 2018. Traditional markets and diversity of edible plant trading: Case study in Ujung Berung, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 437-452. Traditional markets are where traders and buyers meet; places where the supply and demand activities of selling and buying between traders and buyers occur. Buying and selling activities are realized based on the practice of bargaining, made possible by a negotiated willingness to slide a price. In bargaining, social relationships are activated. Traditional markets are managed by local companies called PD Pasar. The traders are generally small business groups. A particular feature of traditional markets is that they are primarily places to trade various foodstuffs that are needed by urban dwellers, including products such as rice and other additional staple foods, vegetables, spices and fruits. The aim of the study reported here was to detail various edible plant species and their variations (landraces) that are the source of products traded in a typical traditional market of West Java, Indonesia. The products of interest to us included carbohydrate staple foods, vegetables, spices, and fruits, produced by village farmers. We investigated the trading network for these edible plant commodities; and the role of traditional markets in supporting the conservation of biodiversity in the edible plants traded. The method used in this study was qualitative, applying an ethnobotanical approach. Field techniques of direct observation, participant observation and deep interview were applied. The results of the study showed that the traditional market of Ujung Berung, in Bandung, West Java, plays an important role in trading various edible plants produced by village farmers. Altogether, 120 plant species were recorded in the market, out of a total of 188 variants (species, and intra-species landraces), representing 44 families. There were 103 species that provided vegetables, 58 species used as spices, 39 species used for their fruits, and 10 that provided carbohydrate staple foods. In general, these plants commodities traded in the Ujung Berung traditional market are supplied by village traders or are bought from the central market in Bandung. The traditional market of Ujung Berung, Bandung has an important role as a place of economic activity for small businesses Furthermore, it is a factor supporting biodiversity in the edible plants traded.

Abstract. Setiawati T, Mutaqin AZ, Irawan B, An'amillah A, Iskandar J. 2017. Species diversity and utilization of bamboo to support life's the community of Karangwangi Village,. Bamboo is closely related to the lives of Indonesian people, especially in the rural area. Indonesia has a high diversity of bamboo species with multiple social, economic, cultural and ecological functions. Village communities have taken advantage of bamboo as a building material, furniture, handicrafts, household items, food, and medicine. The objective of this research is to determine the diversity of bamboo species in the Karangwangi Village and their role in supporting the daily life of the local community. The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive analysis method using ethnobotanical approach. Data collection was conducted with a semi-structured interview with local informants, followed by field observation and specimen collection. Bamboo specimens are later morphologically observed and identified. Results of the study shows that there are 13 species of bamboo in Karangwangi Village, namely Haur Gereng These species are used by the community of Karangwangi Village for various purposes, ranging from building materials, handicrafts, furniture, food, medicine, to fish poison.

Pantoea species are gram-negative bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family, generally associated with plants, either as epiphytes or as pathogens. In the last decade, Pantoea species are being regarded as re-emerging pathogens that are the causal agents of various diseases in rice plants. Inherently, they are also known to be opportunistic plant symbionts having the capacity to enhance systemic resistance and increase the yield of rice plants. It is unclear how they can express both beneficial and pathogenic traits, and what factors influence and determine the outcome of a particular Pantoea–rice plant interaction. This review aims to compare the characteristics of rice plant-beneficial and pathogenic strains belonging to the Pantoea species and gain new insights, enabling distinction among the two types of plant–microbe interactions.

Abstract. Irawan B, Partasasmita R, Rahayu N, Setiawati T, Iskandar J. 2019. Indigenous knowledge of bamboos by Naga community, Tasikmalaya District, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1423-1434. Naga community is recognized as one of Sundanese traditional groups who reside in Neglasari village, Salawu Subdistrict, Tasikmalaya District, West Java Province, Indonesia. This community has been holding firm customs and culture. For daily needs, they take advantage of plant diversity around their homes, including bamboo. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity (species and variations/landraces), utilization and management of bamboo among Naga community. The method used in this study was mixed method by combining qualitative and quantitative data collection with ethnobotany approach used in ethnobotanical studies. Semi-structured or deep interview, structured interviews, and participant observation method were used to collect data in the field. The result of study showed that there were 7 species and landraces of bamboos, namely Bambusa vulgaris Schard ex Wendl. var. vulgaris (haur hejo), Bambusa vulgaris Schard ex Wendl. var. striata (Lodd. ex Lindley) Gamble (haur koneng), Gigantochloa apus (J.A. & J.H. Schult) Kurz. (awi tali), Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea (Steud) Widjaja (awi gede/awi gombong), Gigantochloa atter (Hassk) Kurz. (awi temen), Gigantochloa atroviolacea Widjaja (awi hideung) and Schizostachyum iraten Steud (awi tamiyang) were documented and used in the gardens of Naga communities. Bamboos are traditionally used as building materials, woven for container, traditional musical instruments, equipment for cooking, agricultural and livestock tools, foodstuffs, and others. Bamboo plants in the garden have been traditionally managed which consists of land preparation, planting, maintenance, pest control, harvesting, and utilization. The conservation of bamboos has been traditionally done by Naga community, including selective cutting of bamboo trees instead of clear-cutting, and keeping the bamboos garden not being converted to other land uses.

Abstract. Iskandar BS, Iskandar J, Partasasmita R, Irawan B. 2020. Various medicinal plants traded in the village market of Karangwangi Village, Southern Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4440-4456. In the past traditional village, the market was predominantly found in many villages of West Java. The village markets were usually held once a week. The traders of the village market mainly were from both local villagers or people coming from the nearby towns. Nowadays, the village markets of West Java have dramatically decreased because of the existence of permanent shops (toko) and minimarkets in the rural areas that operate daily. However, in some villages, such as Karangwangi Village, Cidaun Sub-district, Southern Cianjur, West Java, village markets still exist. In the Karangwangi Village market, various plants are commonly traded, such as staple foods, vegetables, fruits, spices, and traditional medicines. The purpose of this study was to discuss the various traditional medicinal plants traded in the village market, some diseases treated by the various herbal plants, various plant parts used for traditional medicines, and original medicinal plants in the village markets of Karangwangi Village. The research method used was qualitative, with data collection carried out by observation, by recording various traditional medicinal plants traded in the village market, and by interviewing informants regarding the use of each medicinal plant species for the treatment of diseases and the origin of plant traded in village markets. The results of the study showed that 35 species representing 23 families of the medicinal plant were documented to be traded in the traditional village markets of Karangwangi Village. These plants are predominantly used to treat 20 kinds of diseases and other disturbance conditions, namely anemia, cough, fever, diabetes, wound, gastritis, malaria, bruised, supplement, toothache, kidney disease, mouth sores, stomachache, high blood pressure, postpartum healing, low back pain, urinary disease, rich breastfeeding produce, dermatitis, and gastroenteritis. Plant parts used for medicinal ingredients in the form of leaf, fruit, bulb, rhizome, root, seed, and shoot. Some medicinal plants have been known to have dual function, such as medicine and vegetables (13 species (36.36%)), medicines and herbs (12 species (34.28 %)), medicines and spices (10 species (28.57 %)), medicines and fruits (8 species (22.85 %)), medicines and staple food (3 species (8.57 %)), medicines, vegetables and spices (1 species (2.85 %)), and medicine and to betel ingredient (1 species (3.03%)). Most of the origin of medicinal plants traded in the village market is from the village with 23 species (65.71%), from cities with 9 species (25.71%), and from both villages and cities with 3 species (8.57 %). On this basis, it can be concluded that the traditional village market has played an important role not only for social-economic interests but also for biodiversity conservation, including biological ingredients for traditional medicines of the rural communities.

Introduction The increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD) level in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients based on the examination of staging and grade of differentiation still evidently represents a clinical problem. SOD level raises at a certain staging and reduce at a certain grade of differentiation. For that reason, this study aimed to assess the association between SOD and the variables analyzed in this study. Materials and methods This study was observational study using a cross-sectional research design aimed to measure the association between SOD and staging as well as grade of differentiation in CRC incidence. The study was conducted in our institution from January until March 2018. Results Statistical analyses of the data derived from the laboratory indicated that age and histopathological examination (TNM staging) had statistically significant correlation with SOD1 level. This significant correlation was proven from results of the statistical analyses of each variable at p = 0.039 (age) and p = 0.001 (TNM staging) respectively. Subsequent tests concerning the correlation between age and TNM staging on SOD1 level revealed that the study samples in the category of 30–49 age years old showed statistically significant correlation with SOD1 level with p = 0.009. Conclusion The increase of grade of differentiation was proportional to the increase of SOD1 level as antioxidant against cancer in CRC patients.

In freshwater ecosystems, water temperature plays as an environmental factor that regulates its structure and function. A research on the impacts of changes in temperature to the dynamics of the Phytoplankton community structure has been done. Data from nineteen-year period (1995 to 2013) were collected from Cirata Reservoir as an example of artificial tropical lake in Indonesia. The research aimed to determine the changes of water temperature as the impact of climate warming on the dynamics of phytoplankton community structure. Different measures such as species richness, diversity index, and abundance were measured in order to understand the changes of phytoplankton community structure. Trend analysis, linear regression, and correlation were applied to achieve our objective. The study revealed that changes in water temperature have affected the species richness, but not the diversity index and abundance of the phytoplankton. Bacilariophyceae and Cyanophyceae were found as two predominant phytoplankton classes in the lake with percentage of 48,45 and 41,43 respectively, assuming their capacity to adapt the new environment. This study suggests that climate warming implies changes of the freshwater ecosystems.

Abstract. Iskandar BS, Iskandar J, Irawan I, Suroso, Pasratasmita R. 2019. The development of coffee cultivation in the traditional agroforestry of mixed-garden (dukuh lembur) to provide social-economic benefit for the Outer Baduy Community, South Banten, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2958-2969. The Baduy community who resides in the Village of Kanekes, the Sub-district of Leuwidamar, the District of Lebak, South Banten has maintained the Sundanese tradition, particularly in practicing swidden farming (ngahuma). They practice swidden farming based on Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and belief. According to the Baduy tradition, the commercial plants, including coffee, clove, cacao, teak, and rubber have been prohibited to cultivate in Baduy area. However, because the population has increased rapidly and market economy has intensively penetrated the Baduy area, some commercial plants, including robusta coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) have been introduced by the outer Baduy community. The objective of this study was to elucidate the traditional practice of the Outer Baduy in cultivating coffee trees that are integrated into the traditional agroforestry of mixed-garden (dukuh lembur or leuweung lembur). This study used qualitative method with some techniques of collecting data, including observation, participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and plant survey in the sample plots of the dukuh lembur. The results of the study showed that in 1980-s the robusta coffee plants were introduced by some Outer Baduy people and have since been planted in the dukuh lembur. In the past, because coffee was prohibited to be cultivated in Baduy area, the coffee trees were regularly cut during the purification of the Baduy tradition (pembersihan adat). Nowadays, however, the robusta coffee trees have been properly integrated into the existing dukuh lembur which is based on hybrid knowledge of TEK and scientific Western knowledge. The Outer Baduy coffee farming system has provided subsistence as a well commercial economy that may support the sustainability of the Outer Baduy swidden cultivation that is considered as the cultural identity of the Baduy community.