ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membuat biobriket dari bottom ash limbah batu bara PLTU PT Pura Barutama dengan biomassa cangkang kopi. Pengujian yang akan dilakukan meliputi; kadar karbon, kandungan sulfur oksida, kadar abu dan airnya. Metode pembuatan dengan mencampur bottom ash dengan bomassa cangkang kopi menggunakan pengikat tetes tebu. Variasi perbandingan antara bottom ash dan biomassa adalah; 50:50, 60:40 dan 70:30. Pengujian kadar karbon dan kandungan sulfur oksida menggunakan SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). Hasil pengujian menggunakan menunjukkan pada komposisi bottom ash yang sedikit bisa menaikkan kadar karbon dan menurunkan kandungan sulfur oksida. Kadar karbon naik rata-rata 7.25%. Pada pengujian kadar air naik rata-rata 3.93%. Sedangkan pengujian kadar abu menunjukkan kenaikan rata-rata 11.09% Kata kunci: cangkang kopi, karbonisasi, biomassa, biobriket, bottom ash. ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is create biobriket from bottom ash coal waste from PLTU PT Pura PENDAHULUANKrisis energi di negara kita kian menjadi. Mulai dari naiknya harga BBM, hingga harga sembako yang melambung karena terkena imbas krisis energi ini. Hal yang seperti ini terkadang membuat orang frustasi. Akan tetapi, jika kekreatifitasan tidak mati, solusi itu pasti ada. Jika kita lihat disekitar kita ada sampah-sampah organik, sampah-sampah tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai energi yang terbarukan. Solusi itu bernama biobriket. Biobriket itu sendiri adalah sampah pertanian (biomassa) yang diarangkan lalu dipress hingga menjadi blok yang padat.Faktor-faktor yang menentukan karakteristik pembakaran biobriket adalah kecepatan pembakaran, nilai kalor, berat jenis dan banyaknya polusi atau senyawa volatil yang dihasilkan. Biomassa dan batubara adalah bahan bakar padat yang memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda. Batu bara memiliki kandungan karbon dan nilai kalor tinggi, kadar abu sedang serta kandungan senyawa volatil rendah. Sementara, biomasa memiliki kandungan bahan volatil tinggi namun kadar karbon rendah. Kadar abu biomasa tergantung dari jenis bahannya, sementara nilai kalornya tergolong sedang. [1] Potensi limbah biomassa di Indonesia dibagi bagi dalam beberapa sektor, yaitu sektor tanaman pangan yang terutama adalah padi, jagung, kacang-kacangan, dan kedelai. Kemudian sektor perkebunan adalah tebu, kelapa sawit, kelapa, karet, kopi dan coklat. Sumber energi alternatif dari biomassa perlu mendapatkan prioritas karena Indonesia sebagai negara agraris banyak menghasilakan limbah pertanian. Penggunaan biomassa sebagai energi alternatif memiliki keuntungan yaitu tersedia melimpah, murah, serta teknologinya mudah. [2]
Mangrove ecosystem is an important part of the coastal environment. One of the problems in almost all coastal areas in Indonesia is the degradation of mangrove area. In the coastal areas of Langkat Regency, precisely in the Tapak Kuda Village is also facing the same thing. In the last 15 years, mangrove area has reduced quite high. One of them is caused by the conversion of mangrove land into ponds. The existence of mangrove ecosystems is related to socio-economic life of society that causes the decline of mangrove area and the changing environmental conditions of social life. The results showed that the conversion of mangrove land brought the social impact on residents’ lives. Changes in the types of jobs are fishermen decreased 24%, the percentage of farmers rose 19% and fish farmers also rose 10%. Income-related conditions, 24% of people feel steady and have sufficient income to meet the families’ needs, 43% of people feel sometimes high income is not enough to meet families’ needs and 33% of people feel low income that make the families’ needs are not fulfilled. The condition of public education level has increased, the percentage of people completing primary school rose 7%, junior high was up 21%, and high school 16%. Regarding the use of natural resources, there were only 35% of the natural resources that could be managed by the community. Community land use patterns are 10% of ponds, 30% of fields, 20% of fishing areas and 40% of conservation areas.
The high demand of meat causes the seller mix the fresh and not-fresh meat. Electronic nose was used to detect the quality of the meat quickly and accurately. This research is proposed to test and analyze the sensitivity of MOS sensor in the electronic nose and simulate it using Matlab to identify meat classification using neural network. Test parameters based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI 3932-2008) requirement on the quality of carcass and meat. In this simulation, the number of neurons in the hidden layer was varied to find the most accurate identification. The sensitivity analysis of the MOS sensor was conducted by testing the meat sample aroma, calculate the sensitivity, identify the formation of input, hidden layer, outputs, and simulate the result of the varied formation. Then, found the number of the most optimal neurons. The result of the data training will be applied to the real instrument.
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