Social Impact of Mangrove Land Conversion in Dimensions as Rural Sustainability

Abstract

Mangrove ecosystem is an important part of the coastal environment. One of the problems in almost all coastal areas in Indonesia is the degradation of mangrove area. In the coastal areas of Langkat Regency, precisely in the Tapak Kuda Village is also facing the same thing. In the last 15 years, mangrove area has reduced quite high. One of them is caused by the conversion of mangrove land into ponds. The existence of mangrove ecosystems is related to socio-economic life of society that causes the decline of mangrove area and the changing environmental conditions of social life. The results showed that the conversion of mangrove land brought the social impact on residents’ lives. Changes in the types of jobs are fishermen decreased 24%, the percentage of farmers rose 19% and fish farmers also rose 10%. Income-related conditions, 24% of people feel steady and have sufficient income to meet the families’ needs, 43% of people feel sometimes high income is not enough to meet families’ needs and 33% of people feel low income that make the families’ needs are not fulfilled. The condition of public education level has increased, the percentage of people completing primary school rose 7%, junior high was up 21%, and high school 16%. Regarding the use of natural resources, there were only 35% of the natural resources that could be managed by the community. Community land use patterns are 10% of ponds, 30% of fields, 20% of fishing areas and 40% of conservation areas.

Modern Smallholders: Creating Diversified Livelihoods and Landscapes in Indonesia

“…There was a steady increase in the area of ponds for fish farming to 605,909 ha in 2017. In general, pond areas are built by converting mangrove forests of coastal areas (Pratama et al 2016;Setiawan et al 2015).…”

PERUBAHAN TUTUPAN HUTAN MANGROVE MENGGUNAKAN CITRA LANDSAT 5 TM dan 7 ETM DI PESISIR KABUPATEN LANGKAT

“…Dari luasan data tersebut dapat dilihat bahwa selama 1989-1999 telah terjadi penurunan luasan lahan mangrove di Kabupaten Langkat sebesar 9.666,23 ha, tingginya antusias masyarakat pesisir dalam memperoleh pendapatan ekonomi yang lebih dari hasil melaut, kegiatan budidaya tambak udang dan bandeng menjadi kegiatan usaha warga dengan membuka lahan mangrove untuk dibuat lubang tambak sehingga kondisi ini menjadi pemicu berkurangnya luasan tutupan mangrove (Pratama et al, 2016). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian sebelumnya yakni pada rentan tahun 1989-1999 Kabupaten Langkat menjadi kegiatan pertambakan sebagai sumber ekonomi baru dan peristiwa ini terjadi hampir disemua kecamatan, hal ini dikarenakan tingkat pendapatan dari hasil udang, kepiting sangkak dan bandeng mencapai keuntungan yang lebih stabil dan efektif dari segi waktu, hanya saja kondisi ini memperburuk lingkungan karena efek industri tambak yang tidak ramah lingkungan dan cemaran hasil sampingan tambak merusak ekosistem mangrove.…”

Co-management in mangrove rehabilitation at langkat regency

“…Due to the intrusion of seawater which eventually submerged the island and there was a new area called the New Horse Tread. This condition stems from the loss of mangrove hectares due to conversion into shrimp and milkfish ponds as well as the Wampu river development project which turtles pay attention to environmental feasibility aspects in implementing the project [4]. Coastal areas in Langkat Regency are also in the spotlight today where mangrove damage and forms of rehabilitation have been carried out for the past ten years [5].…”