No abstract

Pinealectomy produced adrenal hypertrophy in male mice. Melatonin not only reversed this effect, but also caused adrenal hypotrophy, by itself. Pinealectomy also augmented adrenal enlargement due to castration in males, but only the portion of hypertrophy due to pinealectomy was reversed by melatonin. Unilateral adrenalectomy was followed by adrenal enlargement 3 days later in males and females. This effect was reversed in males by melatonin, and in females by melatonin, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine, N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-hydroxytryptophol, 5-methoxytryptophol, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid; less so by 6-hydroxymelatonin; and not at all by 5-hydroxytryptophan or 5-methoxyindoleacetic acid (administered in single doses of 100 µg on the day of operation). Castration gave rise to increased adrenal weight in males, which was not significantly counteracted by melatonin. Adrenals were enlarged in males subjected to an ambient temperature of 5 °C for 4 h on each of 3 successive days, with no amelioration in adrenal weight response when

No abstract

Continuing investigation of pineal gland function indicates that the anti-gonadotrophic activity of this organ cannot be attributed solely to the postulated hormone melatonin, the concentration of which is negligible in the pineal body compared to quantities required to produce unequivocal physiological effects. A non-melatonin antigonadotrophic substance recently isolated from bovine pineal glands was further purified by organic solvent extraction, ultrafiltration and gel filtration. Studies of partial blockage of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy in unilaterally ovariectomized Charles River CD-1 mice indicated that this substance is significantly more potent than melatonin in this test system.

Adult, Charles River CD-1, male mice were housed in an environmental control chamber under strict conditions of controlled light (12D/12L) and temperature. The mice were sacrificed at various times throughout the twenty-four hour clock and their pineals prepared routinely for electron microscopy. The number of dense-cored or granulated vesicles present in the polar terminals of pinealocytes were quantitated in thin cross sections through pericapillary areas. A distinct circadian rhythm was observed in the number of granulated vesicles with a three- to four-fold difference between late photoperiod maximum and late dark period minimum. The rhythm was abolished by bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the granulated vesicles are synthesized and stored in the pinealocytic cytoplasm during the photoperiod under the tropic influence of norepinephrine, and are released during the dark period when melatonin synthesis is greatest. Melatonin, administered as daily intraperitoneal doses of 50 microgram over a period of five days, was observed to increase markedly the number of pinealocytic granulated vesicles during the light period, but led during the dark period to a decrease in their numbers to levels below that of diluent-treated controls. It may be that melatonin stimulates the synthesis and/or release of granulated vesicles which represent the packaged form of a major secretory product.

Adult male mice were exposed to either alternating illumination or constant illumination for 70 days. Light and dark pinealocytes were compared as to distribution within the gland and ultrastructure. Quantitative studies with the electron microscope revealed a significant reduction in pinealocyte size and Golgi complex size in constant light treatment, as well as a marked but nonsignificant reduction in the concentration of lipid droplets and irregular vacuoles. Under constant light treatment the cross-sectional area of pinealocyte pericapillary terminals and the number of granulated vesicles per terminal decreased significantly. A greater number of mitochondria appeared swollen, with rarified matrix and reduced numbers of cristae, with constant light treatment. These results provide ultrastructural correlation with the known reduction of pineal weight, protein synthesis and antigonadotrophic activity that is seen with constant light treatment. The marked decrease in concentration of pinealocyte granulated vesicles in constant light treatment gives morphological support to the theory that these vesicles contain antigonadotrophic secretory material.

This study examined the effects of transfer from long photoperiod (LP) to short photoperiod (SP) on the cessation of ovarian cyclicity and the castration response in inbred LSH/SsLak golden Syrian hamsters. Forty-six 8 to 10-wk-old female hamsters were acclimatized in LP (14L:10D; lights on at 0600 h) during which time animals were monitored for regular ovarian cyclicity. Twenty-six animals were transferred to SP (8L:16D; lights on at 0600 h) and examined daily for vaginal discharges. One day after the day of the first missed ovulation, individual SP-exposed animals were bilaterally ovariectomized; concomitantly, an LP control animal in diestrus I underwent the same procedure. Thirty days after ovariectomy, the hamsters were fitted with intra-atrial silastic cannulae. On the following two postoperative days, 0.6 ml blood samples were collected at 0700, 1200, 1400, and 1600 h for SP animals and at 0700, 1400, 1600 and 1800 h for LP controls. On the third day, the animals were decapitated and sera and pituitaries saved for determination of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin (PRL) by radioimmunoassay (RIA). All SP-exposed animals displayed their last estrous discharge 14-34 days after transfer to SP (mean = 23.0 +/- 0.8 days). Their ovaries were characterized by the absence of corpora lutea, the presence of large atretic antral follicles, few growing follicles, and interstitium that was stimulated to varying degrees. Total and adjusted pituitary weights were decreased by SP exposure (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

No abstract