RESUMO A ordem dos Passeriformes é uma das mais pressionadas pelas ações antrópicas, especialmente as relativas ao tráfico de animais, que, devido às más condições de manejo e higiênico-sanitárias, favorecem a infecção dos espécimes por patógenos virulentos e zoonóticos, como cepas de Escherichia coli e Salmonella spp., cujo isolamento em suabes cloacais, bem como a análise dos genes de virulência das cepas de E. coli foram objetivos do estudo. Para isso, 120 Passeriformes silvestres nativos, recebidos pelo Cetas/CE, foram avaliados individualmente. As cepas isoladas foram submetidas a teste de disco difusão para determinação da sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos. Em etapa posterior, foi realizada PCR para a detecção de oito genes de virulência dos principais patotipos diarreiogênicos de E. coli. Quanto aos resultados, nenhuma cepa de Salmonella spp. foi isolada, no entanto a ocorrência de E. coli foi de 40,8%. Foi observada elevada resistência, principalmente aos antimicrobianos tetraciclina, ampicilina e sulfazotrim, ocorrendo multirresistência em 42,8% das cepas. Pela análise molecular, foram diagnosticados quatro entre os nove genes pesquisados, com a identificação de EPEC típicas, EPEC atípicas, ETEC, EHEC e EAEC. Os resultados apontam para a importância de Passeriformes como possíveis disseminadores de zoonoses.
Several cases of animal and human salmonellosis caused by the Salmonella serotype Typhimurium have been reported. In animals, subclinical infection favors pathogen dissemination through feces. In this context, the domestic pigeon (Columba livia) with an asymptomatic condition may play an important role in the transmission of salmonellosis, through the elimination of contaminated feces in commercial aviaries or in poultry feed facilities, causing economic losses to the poultry industry and presenting a risk to public health. This study aimed to evaluate the mortality, clinical signs and the presence of Salmonella Typhimurium in the feces and organs of chicks previously inoculated with bacteria isolated from a pigeon. One-day-old chicks were distributed in two experimental groups (G1 and G2) of 32 birds each, and a control group of six birds. Two inocula of 0.4 and 0.7 mL with 10 5 and 10 6 colony forming units were used in G1 and G2 birds, respectively. At 1, 4, 7 and 14 days post-inoculation (dpi) fecal samples were pooled from each cage and individual cloacal swabs were collected. At 14 dpi, all chicks were euthanized and samples were collected from the liver, spleen, lung, cecum and intestine for microbiological analysis. Mortality was only observed among G2 birds (6.25%). Most birds presented clinical signs of diarrhea at 4 dpi and no symptom as observed at 14 dpi. The results from cloacal swabs demonstrated bacterial elimination in 68.8% and 53.1% of G2 and G1 birds, respectively at 1 dpi. Additionally, fecal samples had elevated bacterial shedding in all four periods of observation , with a higher excretion at 4 dpi (62.5%) for both groups. Among G2 birds, 74.2% were positive for the pathogen in the intestine; G1 birds presented the lowest rate of lung infection (29%), and both groups had more than 50% positivity for liver and caeca. The results revealed that infected chicks with a Salmonella Typhimurium strains isolated from pigeons may host the pathogen in several organs, and simultaneously present diarrheic disorders with significant levels of bacterial excretion in feces. ResumoNa literatura são relatados diversos casos de salmonelose em animais e humanos em vários países ocasionados pelo sorotipo Typhimurium. Em animais, a infeção subclínica favorece a disseminação do patógeno através das fezes. Nesse contexto, o pombo (Columba livia) com quadro assintomático pode desempenhar um importante papel na transmissão de salmonelose, mediante a excreção de fezes contaminadas em aviários comerciais ou em instalações de ração animal causando perdas econômicas para a indústria avícola, e proporcionando risco para a saúde pública. Objetivou-se avaliar a taxa de mortalidade, sinal clínico e a presença de Salmonella Typhimurium nas fezes e nos órgãos de pintinhos previamente inoculados com bactérias oriundas de pombo. Foram utilizados 70 pintos de corte de um dia de idade, os quais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos (G1 e G2) de 32 aves cada. Utilizou-se um grupo controle, constituído por seis...
The Psittaciformes are among the most popular pets due to their intelligence, ability, and ease of maintenance in small environments. However, the absence of adequate environmental stimuli generated by confinement can predispose these animals to characteristic stress conditions, leaving them susceptible to the triggering of various diseases, among which those of bacterial origin stand out. The objective of this study was to carry out a survey of enterobacteria and evaluate the antimicrobial sensitivity profile of bacteria isolated from parrots from a pet shop in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará. Ninety-six samples were collected from four pet shops (which were classified as A, B, C and D), eight samples of local swabs from budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus), were collected from each establishment eight from cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and eight from lovebirds (Agapornis sp.). Isolation of enterobacteria is under the methodology used by Lopes et al. (2015) with modifications. The method used to study bacterial resistance was the Kirby-Bauer method, following the standards stipulated by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Sixty-eight enterobacteria strains from ten different species, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter diversus, Pantoea agglomerans, Escherichia coli, Providencia stuartii, Hafnia alvei, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter sakasakii and Citrobacter amalonaticus, were isolated. P. agglomerans was the bacterium with the highest frequency of isolates from pet shop parrots, making up 23.5% of the isolates; the second-most isolated strain was P. mirabilis with 17.7%. In this study, 79% of the isolated strains were resistant to at least one class of antimicrobials tested. Tetracycline proved to be the most resistant antimicrobial (44%), followed by polymyxin B (38%) and nalidixic acid (25%). Among the 68 strains, 19% did not show resistance to any of the classes of antimicrobials tested. The condition of multidrug resistance - resistance to ≥3 classes of antimicrobials - was observed in 18% of the isolated strains.
O objetivo desse estudo foi observar em periquitos australianos (Mellopsitacus undulatus) inoculados com cepa de Salmonella Saintpaul a presença de sinais clínicos, excreção do microrganismo e as possíveis alterações macroscópicas em órgão acarretadas pela infecção bacteriana. Foram estudados dois grupos experimentais que receberam inóculos via gavagem com determinada concentração bacteriana. Após a inoculação, foram realizadas análises microbiológicas, para a detecção de patógenos de suabe cloacal e de amostras de fezes. No último dia, as aves foram eutanasiadas para a análise de órgãos. Durante o período experimental não foram observadas mortalidade ou detecção de sinais clínicos, embora tenha sido possível observar a positividade do microrganismo nas fezes, suabes cloacais e órgãos das aves que receberam a maior dose de concentração. Nos dois grupos foram observadas alterações macroscópicas. Este estudo mostrou que periquitos australianos infectados com alta concentração bacteriana não apresentaram sinal clínico da doença. Porém, essas aves são susceptíveis à invasão bacteriana nos órgãos internos e podem disseminar o patógeno no meio ambiente.
Pesquisa de Helmintos em pombos urbanos e de cativeiro (Columba Livia) Research of Helmints in feral and racing pigeons (Columba Livia
Salmonella Gallinarum is capable of causing high mortality in birds of the order Galliformes. This study aimed to relate the presence of clinical signs with the recovery of Salmonella Gallinarum from organs and c loacal swabs of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix) experimentally infected. A total of 70 female quails were housed in a pair per cage and divided in two groups (IG: quails inoculated with 1.5x106 CFU of Salmonella Gallinarum Nalr/mL and CG: control group). After the inoculation, birds were evaluated three times a day to verify the presence of clinical signs. Birds that presented ruffled feathers, eyes closed and remained quiet in the cage were removed for euthanasia, as well as the same number of birds from the inoculated groups that presented no clinical signs and from the control group. Cloacal swabbing was performed following euthanasia for the sampling of liver, spleen, caeca, ovarian follicles and lung for microbiological procedure. Quails with clinical signs and quails found dead presented positivity of 100%. While inoculated quails with no clinical signs presented a lower positivity (38.5%). Therefore, quails with septicemia caused by SG present clinical signs of the disease and the pathogen can be isolated and quantified in the organs.
Caatinga is a biome unique to Brazil that is degraded by anthropogenic actions, which lead to the loss of biodiversity putting many species at risk of extinction. The Ceará State is located in the Caatinga and has a rich avifauna comprised of 433 species including 13 species that are threatened with extinction, which are found in the Baturité Massif. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and diversity of enterobacteria in wild birds and to determine their susceptibility to antimicrobials. Cloacal swab samples were collected from 50 individuals of 28 different species, including the Ceara Gnatheter (Conopophaga cearae) and Red-necked Tanager (Tangara cyanocephala cearensis), which are classified as vulnerable (VU) by the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment. A total of 55 isolates belonging to 14 different species of Enterobacteriaceae were identified. Among these, Pantoea agglomerans and Escherichia coli were the most prevalent species with isolation rates of 36% and 26%, respectively. The highest rate of antimicrobial resistance found was to ampicillin (41.8%), followed by nalidixic Acid (36.3%) and amoxicillin associated with clavulanic acid (32.7%). The drugs with the best efficacy were tobramycin (96.4%), ciprofloxacin (92.6%) and tetracycline (90.9%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 23.5% of the analyzed strains. This research provides important information about the composition of the cloacal microbiota of wild birds in Mulungu, Brazil, as well as their health status. In addition, these results demonstrate that they harbor multidrug-resistant strains of Enterobacteriaceae.
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