To clarify the link between anomalous letter processing and developmental dyslexia, we examined the impact of surrounding contours on letter vs. pseudo-letter processing by three groups of children - phonological dyslexics and two controls, one matched for chronological age, the other for reading level - and three groups of adults differing by schooling and literacy - unschooled illiterates and ex-illiterates, and schooled literates. For pseudo-letters, all groups showed congruence effects (CE: better performance for targets surrounded by a congruent than by an incongruent shape). In contrast, for letters, only dyslexics exhibited a CE, strongly related to their phonological recoding abilities even after partialling out working memory, whereas the reverse held true for the pseudo-letter CE. In illiterate adults, the higher letter knowledge, the smaller their letter CE; their letter processing was immune (to some extent) to inference from surrounding information. The absence of a letter CE in illiterates and the positive CE in dyslexics have their origin in different aspects of the same ability, i.e. phonological recoding.

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A crescente importância da representação digital de elementos de construção, tornada possível pelas metodologias ‘Building Information Modelling’ (BIM), está a introduzir alterações muito relevantes no projeto, na construção e gestão de operações. Estes processos digitais introduzem novos paradigmas de relacionamento entre os vários ‘atores’ envolvidos, com grande impacto nas formas de desenvolver o trabalho. O objetivo do Congresso PTBIM é o de promover um fórum de discussão técnico-científica em língua Portuguesa, envolvendo a participação ativa das comunidades profissional e académica das áreas de Arquitetura e Engenharia. Pretende-se enfatizar os problemas e esforços de implementação na Indústria da Construção e reforçar as redes de profissionais que incorporam práticas BIM nas suas atividades. Depois do sucesso do 1º e 2º Congresso PTBIM, decorridos, respetivamente, em Guimarães e Lisboa, é com grande expectativa que se organiza esta 3ª edição. O desafio é continuarmos a partilhar experiências, boas práticas e conhecimento, rumo a uma implementação mais consistente da metodologia BIM na indústria da construção.

Purpose: the evolution of technology and the appearance and access to new toys, replacing popular games, in which children could observe and learn about the natural environment while playing. The present work analyses Urban Green Spaces (UGS) as play spaces. Methodology/Approach: students from the First Cycle of Basic Education were asked through an anonymous questionnaire, as well as their parents/guardians, about the use of UGS to play, in order to obtain a comparison between generations. Findings: UGS are important as spaces for playing, since they provide free space in the city and are enhancers of more popular games that promote physical exercise. In addition to enrich contact with the natural environment, the UGS also promote learning and socialization. Research Limitation/implication: More than half of the world's population lives in urban areas and it is estimated their growth, by 2050, 68% of Humans will live in cities. As cities grow and become denser, the population tends to have less contact with Urban Green Spaces, however several studies point out that UGS are a provider of health and well-being. Originality: the UGS are now important in providing a service to the inhabitants of cities, to which it is very difficult to substitute.