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This study investigated the effects of irrigation using treated sewage effluent (TSE) combined with nitrogen (N) fertilization on the productivity and quality of bermudagrass, and on its economic feasibility under tropical conditions. The treatments employed were SI-no irrigation and no fertilization; A100 (control)-irrigation with potable water plus 520 kg N ha −1 year −1 provided as NH 4 NO 3 ; E0, E33, E66, and E100: irrigation with treated sewage effluent plus 0, 172, 343 and 520 kg N ha −1 year −1 as NH 4 NO 3 , respectively. Chemical properties of TSE, shoot dry matter production, N concentration in bermudagrass were determined, and benefit-cost and economic viability analyses were carried out. Tree years of irrigation with TSE had agronomical benefits to bermudagrass such as: (i) saving 33% in N fertilizer by adding of 275 kg N ha −1 year −1 , increasing N accumulation in the soil; (ii) providing 70% of the N as NH 4 + , which is the form most quickly assimilated by the plants; (iii) building up dry matter production with 7 Mg ha −1 year −1 and (iv) increasing leaf N concentration in leaf tissue. The main benefit of TSE irrigation occurs in drought seasons with the increase in N concentration in bermudagrass shoots. Higher N concentration in leaf tissue elevates the quality and the sales price for the grass harvested, thus optimizing the benefit-cost ratio for the producer. Therefore, TSE irrigation is a viable cost-effective alternative if the N concentration in the leaf tissue is considered in the sales price.

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SUMMARYAmong the toxic elements, Cd has received considerable attention in view of its association with a number of human health problems. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the Cd availability and accumulation in soil, transfer rate and toxicity in lettuce and rice plants grown in a Cd-contaminated Typic Hapludox. Two simultaneous greenhouse experiments with lettuce and rice test plants were conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments consisted of four Cd rates (CdCl 2 ), 0.0; 1.3; 3.0 and 6.0 mg kg -1 , based on the guidelines recommended by the Environmental Agency of the State of São Paulo, Brazil (Cetesb). Higher Cd rates increased extractable Cd (using Mehlich-3, Mehlich-1 and DTPA chemical extractants) and decreased lettuce and rice dry matter yields. However, no visual toxicity symptoms were observed in plants. Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 and DTPA extractants were effective in predicting soil Cd availability as well as the Cd concentration and accumulation in plant parts. Cadmium concentration in rice remained below the threshold for human consumption established by Brazilian legislation. On the other hand, lettuce Cd concentration in edible parts exceeded the acceptable limit.Index terms: Lactuca sativa L., Oryza sativa L., soil pollution, chemical extractants, heavy metals, human health.(1) Received for publication in January 2010 approved in december 2010.

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RESUMOA fitoextração é uma importante técnica usada para descontaminar áreas poluidas por metais pesados. Conseqüentemente, o entendimento das respostas fisiológicas de espécies tropicais com relação à tolerância aos níveis crescentes de contaminantes é fundamental considerando seu possível uso para fitoextração de metais pesados de áreas contaminadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer o potencial fitoextrator de Canavalia ensiformes L. para o chumbo (Pb). As plantas foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva em casa de vegetação sobre condições parcialmente controladas. O Pb foi testado nas concentrações de 100, 200 e 400 mmol.L -1 . O experimento foi montado em blocos ao acaso, usando um esquema fatorial 4 x 1, com três repetições. Foram realizadas análises fisiológicas com o acompanhamento de sintomas, das massas frescas e secas tanto da parte aérea como das raízes, da área foliar, das alturas das plantas e do conteúdo de Pb na solução nutritiva, nas raízes e na parte aérea das plantas. As amostras das plantas (parte aérea e raiz) e da solução nutritiva foram submetidas às análises químicas para determinação de Pb usando a digestão via seca. As plantas de Canavalia ensiformes foram boas acumuladoras e tolerantes ao Pb, demonstrando seu potencial como fitoextratoras para esse metal.Palavras-chave: fitoextração, metal pesado, sistema hidropônico. LEAD UPTAKE AND POTENTIAL FOR FITOREMEDIATION OF CANAVALIA ENSIFORMES L. (1) ABSTRACTPhytoextraction is an important technique used for decontamination of areas polluted by heavy metals. Consequently, understanding the physiological responses in relation to the tolerance of tropical species subjected to increasing levels of contamination is fundamental before considering their use as phytoextractans in contaminated areas. The objective of our study was to assess the potential of Canavalia ensiformes L. for the phytoextraction of lead (Pb). Plants were cultivated with nutrient solution in greenhouse under partially controlled conditions. Pb was tested at concentrations of 100, 200 and 400 µmol.L -1 . The experimental set-up was a randomized blocks design, using a 4 x 1 factorial scheme, with three replicates. Follow-ups of physiological symptoms were carried out, determining fresh and dried mass for shoot and root, leaf area, plant height, Pb content in nutrient solution and in roots and shoot of the plants. The samples of shoot and roots and of the nutrient solution were submitted to chemical analysis for the determination of Pb, using dry digestion. The Canavalia ensiformes plants proved to be both accumulators and tolerant to Pb, demonstrating their potential as a phytoextractants.

Irrigation of citrus (Citrus aurantium L. × Citrus paradise Macf.) with urban reclaimed wastewater (RWW) can be economical and conserve fresh water. However, concerns remain regarding its deleterious effects on soil quality. We investigated the ionic speciation (ISP) of RWW and potential impacts of 11 yr of irrigation with RWW on soil quality, compared with well-water (WW) irrigation. Most of nutrients (∼53-99%) in RWW are free ionic species and readily available for plant uptake, such as: NH(4+), NO(3-), K(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), SO(4)(2-), H(3)BO(3), Cl(-), Fe(2+), Mn(2+), Zn(2+), Co(2+), and Ni(2+), whereas more than about 80% of Cu, Cr, Pb, and Al are complexed with CO(3-), OH(-), and/or organic matter. The RWW irrigation increased the availability and total concentrations of nutrients and nonessential elements, and soil salinity and sodicity by two to three times compared with WW-irrigated soils. Although RWW irrigation changed many soil parameters, no difference in citrus yield was observed. The risk of negative impacts from RWW irrigation on soil quality appears to be minimal because of: (i) adequate quality of RWW, according to USEPA limits; (ii) low concentrations of metals in soil after 11 yr of irrigation with RWW; and (iii) rapid leaching of salts in RWW-irrigated soil during the rainy season.