Three-dimensional (3D) chemical models
are a well-established learning
tool used to enhance the understanding of chemical structures by converting
two-dimensional paper or screen outputs into realistic three-dimensional
objects. While commercial atom model kits are readily available, there
is a surprising lack of large molecular and orbital models that could
be used in large spaces. As part of a program investigating the utility
of 3D printing in teaching, a modular size-adjustable molecular model
and orbital kit was developed and produced using 3D printing and was
used to enhance the teaching of stereochemistry, isomerism, hybridization,
and orbitals.
The 26S proteasome is the major proteolytic machine for breaking down cytosolic and nuclear proteins in eukaryotes. Due to the lack of a suitable assay, it is difficult to measure routinely and quantitatively the breakdown of proteins by the 26S proteasome in vitro. In the present study, we developed an assay to monitor proteasome-mediated protein degradation. Using this assay, we discovered that epidithiodiketopiperazine (ETPs) blocked the degradation of our model substrate in vitro. Further characterization revealed that ETPs inhibited proteasome function by targeting the essential proteasomal deubiquitinase Rpn11 (POH1/PSMD14). ETPs also inhibited other JAMM (JAB1/MPN/Mov34 metalloenzyme) proteases such as Csn5 and AMSH. An improved ETP with fewer non-specific effects, SOP11, stabilized a subset of proteasome substrates in cells, induced the unfolded protein response, and led to cell death. SOP11 represents a class of Rpn11 inhibitor and provides an alternative route to develop proteasome inhibitors.
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